Carbohydrates are the first nutrient most organisms catabolise for energy, however, living things must metabolize other energy-rich nutrients to obtain energy in times of starvation
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Protein Catabolism
– first digested into amino acids
– amino groups are removed (deamination; amino group à ammonia [NH3])
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– remaining portion of amino acid converted into various components of glycolysis or the Krebs cycle
– the type of amino acid determines the point of entry into these metabolic pathways,
– For example, leucine is converted into acetyl-CoA, alanine is converted into pyruvate
Lipid Catabolism
– first triglycerides are digested into glycerol and fatty acids
– glycerol may be converted into glucose (glucaoneogenesis), or it may be changed into DHAP or G3P à fed into glycolysis
– fatty acids transported to mitochondria (b-oxidation)
– b-oxidation is the removal of two-carbon acetyl groups, starting at the carboxyl end
– acetyl groups combine with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA à enter the Krebs cycle
Ethanol Fermentation
– allows NAD+ to be recycled and glycolysis to continue
Lactic Acid Fermentation
– allows NAD+ to be recycled and glycolysis to continue
– lactate in muscle tissue causes stiffness, soreness and fatigue
– lactate is oxidized back to pyruvate, which then goes through the Krebs cycle when vigorous activity ceases
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