– In 1817, Jakob Berzelius created an international system to represent all elements with symbols.
– We still use his system today (all over the world), which involves elements being represented by one or two letters found in their name. The first letter is always capitalized. If there is a second letter, it is always a small letter.
– Different countries may have different words or spellings for elements, but everyone uses the same symbols.
CHEMICAL SYMBOLS
– You can probably see why carbon has the symbol C and nitrogen has the symbol N, but why does sodium have the symbol Na?
– Some symbols are short forms for element names in different languages, mostly Latin.
– Let’s look at some examples:
| ELEMENT NAME | ELEMENT SYMBOL | NAME AND LANGUAGE |
Sodium | Na | Natrum, Latin |
| Potassium | K | Kalium, Latin |
Iron | Fe | Ferrum, Latin |
| Gold | Au | Aurium, Latin |
Tungsten | W | Wolfram, German |
| Lead | Pb | Plumbum, Latin |
– Some other elements have been named for locations around the world, such as:
| ELEMENT NAME | ELEMENT SYMBOL | LOCATION NAMED FOR |
Germanium | Ge | Germany |
| Francium | Fr | France |
Polonium | Po | Poland |
| Neptunium | Np | Neptune (8th planet) |
– Other elements have been named after famous scientists:
| ELEMENT NAME | ELEMENT SYMBOL | FAMOUS SCIENTIST |
Einsteinium | Es | Albert Einstein |
| Curium | Cm | Marie and Pierre Curie |
Nobelium | No | Alfred Nobel |
| Rutherfordium | Rf | Ernst Rutherford |
Fermium | Fm | Enrico Fermi |
CHEMICAL FORMULAS
– When we put elements together, we can create countless different chemicals. The chemicals are then given symbols depending on which elements make up each new chemical. The combination of element symbols is called a chemical formula.
– A chemical formula let’s us know which elements and how many of each element are present in a specific chemical.
– For example, the chemical formula NaCl represents salt (it’s chemical name is sodium chloride). Which two elements make up salt? Sodium and chlorine.
– In each molecule of salt, one atom of sodium is combined with one atom of chlorine. No numbers are required in this formula because only one atom of each element is involved in making salt.
– If more than one atom of an element is involved in a chemical, a number must be included in the chemical formula. The numbers in chemical formulas are called subscripts. Subscripts are small numbers written below the letters.
– For example, the chemical formula for water is H2O. This formula means that each molecule of water contains two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen. The small 2 after the H represents two hydrogen atoms.
– Let’s look at a few more chemical formulas:
- The formula for chalk (calcium carbonate) is CaCO3.
- What atoms (and how many) make up chalk?
- 1 Calcium
- 1 Carbon
- 3 Oxygen
- What atoms (and how many) make up chalk?
- Vinegar (acetic acid) has the following formula: C2H4O2.
- How many of each atom is in vinegar?
- 2 Carbon
- 4 Hydrogen
- 2 Oxygen
- How many of each atom is in vinegar?
– Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) has a formula that consists of 1 sodium atom, 1 hydrogen atom, 1 carbon atom, and 3 oxygen atoms. What is the formula of baking soda?
- NaHCO3
– Sometimes brackets are used when writing formulas. Any number outside of the bracket multiplies everything inside of the bracket by that number. For example, the formula for calcium phosphate (a fertilizer) is Ca3(PO4)2. How many of each atom are in calcium phosphate?
- 3 Calcium
- 2 Phosphorus
- 8 Oxygen
– Let’s try another one: Aluminum sulfate has a formula of Al2(SO4)3. How many of each atom are in aluminum sulfate?
- 2 Aluminum
- 3 Sulfur
- 12 Oxygen
