Introduction:
Echinoderms are radially symmetrical animals that are only found in the sea (there are none on land or in fresh water). Echinoderms mean “spiny skin” in Greek. Many, but not all, echinoderms have spiny skin. There are over 6,000 species. Echinoderms usually have five appendages (arms or rays), but there are some exceptions.
Radial symmetry means that the body is a hub, like a bicycle wheel, and tentacles are spokes coming out of it (think of a starfish). As larvae, echinoderms are bilaterally symmetrical. As they mature, they become radially symmetrical. Most adult echinoderms live on the bottom of the ocean floor. Many echinoderms have suckers on the ends of their feet that are used to capture and hold prey, and to hold onto rocks in a swift current.
Sea Stars
Sea stars (group name Stelleroidea) are sometimes called starfish, though they are not real fish (they lack both vertebrae and fins). There are two sub-types of sea stars:
- Asteroideas are the true sea stars and sun stars.
- Ophiuroideas are brittle stars and basket stars.
The differences between the two sub-types lies in how the arms connect to the central disk. Ophiuroids have arms that do not connect with each other. There is a distinct boundary between the arm and central disk. Asteroids have arms that are connected to each other. Also, it is harder to tell with asteroids where the central disk ends and the arms begin. The sea star’s top surface (or skin) looks spiny if you examine it. If you look very closely you will notice that there are different types of growths on the surface. Some bumps are used to absorb oxygen, they are called dermal branchiae. Pedicellaria are pincher-like organs used to clean the surface of the skin. Barnacle larvae could land on a sea star and start growing if it were not for these organs.
How Do Sea Stars Move?
Each sea star had hundreds of tiny feet on the bottom of each ray. These are tube feet, or podia. These tiny feet can be filled with sea water. The vascular system of the sea star is also filled with sea water. By moving water from the vascular system into the tiny feet, the sea star can make a foot move by expanding it. This is how sea stars move around. Muscles within the feet are used to retract them. Each ray of a sea star has a light sensitive organ called an eyespot. Though it cannot see nearly as well as we do, sea stars can detect light and its general direction. They have some idea of where they are going.
Procedures:
Aboral (Dorsal) Surface
- Obtain a preserved starfish.
- Place the starfish in the dissecting pan with its dorsal or aboral (top) surface upward.
- Observe the starfish and determine its symmetry.
- Locate the central disc in the center of the starfish. Count and record the number of arms or rays the starfish has.
- Locate the small, round hard plate called the madreporite on top of the central disc. Water enters through this into the water vascular system.
- Feel the upper surface of the starfish for spines. These spines protect the starfish and are part of their internal skeleton.
- Look at the tip of each arm and find the eyespot.
Oral (Ventral) Surface:
- Turn the starfish over to its ventral or oral surface (underside).
- Locate the mouth in the center of the central disc. Find the ring of oral spines surrounding the mouth.
- Find the groove that extends down the underside of each arm. This is called the ambulacral groove.
- Feel the numerous, soft tube feet inside each groove. These are part of the water vascular system & aid in movement and feeding.
Internal anatomy:
With the starfish’s aboral surface facing you, cut off the tip of a ray. Cut along lines a, b, and c (Figure 3) and then remove this flap of skin.
- digestive glands called the pyloric caeca. These make enzymes to digest food in the stomach.
- Cut a circular flap of skin from the central disc. (You will have to also cut around the madreporite in order to remove this flap.) Observe the stomach under the central disc.
- Remove the pyloric caeca from the dissected ray. Find the gonads (testes or ovaries) underneath. These may be small if the starfish is NOT in the breeding season. Remove these to see the rest of the water vascular system.
- Cut off the tip of a ray to observe the parts of the tube feet. Find the zipper-like ridge that extends the length of the ray. The tube feet are attached to these. Inside each arm, locate two long
- Locate the bulb-like top of a tube foot called the ampulla. This sac works like the top of an eyedropper to create suction. The bottom of the tube foot is a sucker.
- Embedded in the soft body wall are skeletal plates called ossicles.
- Running down the center of each arm is a radial canal to which tube feet are attached.
- In the central disc, the five radial canals connect to a circular canal called the ring canal.
- A short, canal called the stone canal leads from the ring canal to the madreporite where water enters. Find this canal & label the stone canal & madreporite.
- Clean all your materials, dispose of your dissected sea star, and return to the teacher.
This statement is wrong: “Running down the center of each arm is a lateral canal to which tube feet are attached.” The canals that run down each arm are radial canals. Lateral canals come off the radial canals and go to the tube feet. These are as numerous as the tube feet.
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