Phylum Arthropoda, Echinodermata, Chordata

• The largest animal phylum- 1 million species of crabs, shrimp, spiders, scorpions, and insects make up this phylum
• Have jointed appendages; segmented bodies
• Exoskeletons made of chitin
• Molt;  have heads with many sensory organs.
• Bilateral
• Simple and complex eyes that detect only light intensity and form images
• Antennae that smell chemical substances in the environment
• Sexual Reproduction- where sperm is released inside the female’s body, not in water.
• Larvae of many species develop into very different adults, a process called metamorphosis.
• Can develop resistance to insecticides- demonstrates how quickly they adapt to a changing environment.
• Short generations and many offspring increase the chance that random mutations will produce a few resistant individuals
• Arthropods are segmented animals with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton

Chelicerates

• Include horseshoe crabs and arachnids, such as spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks

Millipedes and Centipedes

• Are identified by the number of jointed legs per body segment
• Crustaceans

–      Are nearly all aquatic

–      Include crabs, shrimps, and barnacles

• Insects are the most diverse group of arthropods
• Insects have a 3 -part body consisting of
• Head, thorax, and abdomen
• Three sets of legs
• Wings (most, but not all insects)
• Many insects undergo incomplete or complete metamorphosis

A. Order Orthoptera

• Grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, and locusts
• B. Order Odonata
• Dragonflies and damselflies

C. Order Hemiptera

• Bedbugs, plant bugs, stinkbugs, and water striders
• D. Order Coleoptera
• Beetles

E. Order Lepidoptera

• Moths and butterflies
• F. Order Diptera
• Flies, fruit flies, houseflies, gnats, mosquitoes

G. Order Hymenoptera

• Ants, bees, and wasps

Phylum Echinodermata

• Sea stars and sea urchins.
• Reproduce sexually.
• Sperm and eggs are released in water, where they join and fertilize
• Movement by seawater into and out of a system of internal tubes.
• The water vascular system – has suction cup-like tube feet used for respiration and locomotion

Phylum Chordata

• Vertebrates-fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
• Full development of organ systems
• Mostly sexual reproduction
• 4 defining characteristics:
  • The stiff dorsal rod helps to organize the embryo’s development.
  • The central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) is tubular
  • Their sides have slits just behind the head.  These pharyngeal slits (pharynx means “throat”) become gill slits of adult fish.  In air-breathing chordates, they develop into various organs such as internal parts of the ears
  • They have a tail; in humans, it’s the tailbone, or coccyx, which curls internally.
  • Lampreys are vertebrates that lack hinged jaws and paired fins

CLASS: Fish

• Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins include sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-fins
  • Chondrichthyans
  • Have a flexible skeleton made of cartilage
  • Include sharks and rays
  • Ray-finned Fishes
  • A skeleton reinforced with a hard matrix of calcium phosphate
  • Operculi that move water over the gills
  • A buoyant swim bladder
  • Lobe-fins
  • Have muscular fins supported by bones

CLASS: Amphibians

• The first tetrapods—vertebrates with 2 pairs of limbs allowing movement on land
• Include frogs, toads,  and salamanders
• Most amphibian embryos and larvae must develop in the water

CLASS: Reptiles

• Amniotes — tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg
• Terrestrial adaptations include
• Waterproof scales
• A shelled, amniotic egg
• Ectothermic

–      Dinosaurs were the most diverse reptiles to inhabit land

• Largest animals ever to inhabit the land
• They may have been endothermic, producing their own body heat

CLASS:  Birds

• Considered feathered reptiles with adaptations for flight
• Birds thought to have evolved from  small, two-legged dinosaurs called theropods

–      Birds are reptiles that have

• Wings, feathers, endothermic metabolism, and many other adaptations related to flight such as light bones

CLASS: Mammals

• Amniotes that have hair, produce milk and are endothermic
  • Hair, which insulates their bodies
  • Mammary glands, which produce milk
  • Monotremes lay eggs
    • The embryos of marsupials and eutherians are nurtured by the placenta within the uterus
    • Marsupial offspring complete development attached to the mother, usually inside a pouch
    • Eutherians- placental mammal complete development before birth
    • The End of Animalia Notes!
    • Kingdom Books were due 4/30!