| Schemas – the representation in the mind of a set of perceptions, ideas, and/or actions, which go together
Assimilation – putting a new object into an old schema Accommodation – putting an old object to a new schema Conservation – objects or sets of objects stay the same even if it changes or looks different Decentration – ability to move away from one system of classification to another as appropriate Operation – working something out in your head Classification – group objects together on the basis of common features Conjunction – Both A and B make a difference |
Disjunction – It’s either this or that
Implication – If it’s this, then that will happen Incompatibility – When this happens, that doesn’t Identity – Leave it alone. Ex: It could be the string or the weight. Negation – Negate the components and replace or’s with and’s. Ex: It might not be the string and not the weight, either. Reciprocity – Negate the components but keep the and’s and or’s as they are. Ex: Either it is not the weight or it is not the string. Correlativity – Keep the components as they are, but replace or’s with and’s, etc. Ex: It’s the weight and the string. |
| Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 3 | Stage 4 |
| Sensorimotor | Preoperational | Concrete Operations | Formal Operations |
| -1 -4 months – action serves as a stimulus that respond to same action – ex: infant sucks thumb
-4- 12 months – act extends out the environment ex: squeeze duck – learn to make interesting things last (sounds). -12- 24 months -concept of making interesting thing last – constant variation – hit drum, hit table, hit block. -1 -2 years – ability to hold an image in their head, deferred imitation – doing something seen hour before. Mental combination – putting something down in order to open the door. Also good at pretending. |
-2-7 yrs
-symbols represent something else. Ex: drawing, written or spoken word can be understood as a real dog. -develop creative play -clear understanding of past and future. -child is egocentric – see things from one point of view (their own) |
-7 – 11 yrs – logical operations or principles when we solve problems. Can manipulate symbols logically. Progress of de-centering.
-Classification – one set can include the others. Ex: more marbles or more black marbles. Seriation – putting things in order. Conservation – quantity remains same even if it changes |
-Age 12 – competent at adult style thinking – using logical operations and using them in abstract rather then concrete (hypothetical thinking) allows to investigate a problem in careful and systematic way.
-Teenager – conjunction, disjunction, implication, incompatibility, identity, negation, reciprocity, and correlativity. |
