Alice Dunbar Nelson was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, on July 19th, 1875, and born to parents whose culture was largely that of African American, Anglo, Native American, and Creole heritage. She attended and graduated Dillard University (formerly Straight Univ.) and took up teaching in the public schools in her area. Her unique understanding of…
From its inception, the Provisional Government – an interim government formed to facilitate a smooth Russian transition into democracy – was plagued by a myriad of obstacles and challenges. Forced by circumstance into having to make some of the most influential decisions of the era – whether or not to continue the war and in…
The extent of Henry’s control over his own power, and therefore decisions, is an issue that has and continues to polarise historians. One division is over whether he was a master or prisoner of court factions in the years 1529 to 1547 – a timespan that begins with Henry VII’s attempts to annul his marriage…
To answer this question, one must crucially set out what Lenin’s legacy was, before analysing whether Stalin did or did not betray it. The sources seem to disagree on what this legacy was – Source 5 claims that “For Lenin, the state, the dictatorship […] the terror, were only the means. The aim was socialism”,…
It is possible to argue that the break from Rome only occurred because Henry VIII had asserted the claims his divorce had made necessary, rather than for any other contending reason, as conflicts with the church began with the conception of the idea of annulling his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Henry, convinced that his…
Saying Lenin created a communist state is, in itself, oxymoronic, as communism in its purest form is defined by statelessness. The question is, however, whether he did succeed in creating a proletariat state, and the extent of his role in this creation. There is no argument that his version of communism differed from existing forms…
According to Marxist theory, only through a modern industrialised economy could a true proletariat class be developed. Marx makes no mention of a peasant class, a distinction that struck a chord in Stalin – and even his predecessor Lenin – in his attempt to transition into a Communist State. Therefore, he was convinced that a…
Tsar Alexander II, an influential and significant figure in Russian, and therefore world history is widely regarded as a pioneering liberator of serfs and a powerful reformist. The extent to which he deserves his title of ‘Tsar Liberator’ can be evaluated by his fulfillment of said role – a liberator being defined as “a person…
A successful king is one who consolidates power effectively, faces and overcomes challenges that arise during and to his reign, and protects and develops his country – and by extension – his subjects. The challenges that Henry VII faced – a weak claim to the throne, Yorkist plots, financial problems, strained foreign relations – were…
The Henrician Reformation was a series of events during the reign of King Henry VIII in which the Church of England – and thereby England – broke away from the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church, ultimately ending centuries of religious and political ties with the Catholic Church. Despite being a religious reformation, there is…
There were nearly 5000 items found in King Tutankhamen’s tomb in 1922 by Howard Carter at KV62 (Kings’ Valley site 62). Some examples of those items were: Statue of Anubis: The statue of Anubis was found in King Tut’s tomb by Howard Carter. The statue is of the god Anubis, a human with a jackal’s…
Although Henry VII’s claim to the throne was weak and he faced many dynastic threats due to pretenders and potential Yorkist claimants, he managed to keep his position secure as he was a clever king who consolidated his power right after the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 as well as exploiting economic policies to have…
To some extent, there was a Mid-Tudor Crisis between 1547 to 1558 but arguably the crisis was not mainly due to the Mid-Tudors- Edward VI and Mary I but due to long-term problems left over by Henry VIII. He left the government with huge sums of debt as well as an unstable foreign policy which…
Traditions of violence relative to Native American religious values and customs have been widely misunderstood and misinterpreted throughout history. Early stereotypes of the indigenous habitants of the North and South American continents depicted Native Americans as violent, unintelligent, and primitive in their use of technology and resources. Few records exist regarding the nature of…
The presence of Chinese immigrants had existed in Australia in the early 1800s as indentured labourers such as shepherds and farmers, as well as convicts. The most significant spike in Chinese migration, however, was during the Australian gold rush of 1851-1854; with them calling Australia the “new gold mountain”, as it seemed to be a…
Protofeminist is a term used to define women in a philosophical tradition that anticipated modern feminist concepts yet lived in a time when the term “feminist” was unknown, that is, prior to the 20th century. The precise use of the term is disputed, 18th-century feminism and 19th century feminism being also subsumed under “feminism” proper.…
First Nation Peoples lived on their land peacefully and sustainability for tens of thousands of years. But this once disease-free, culturally-rich and clean nation was disrupted and almost destroyed by the British settlers when they invaded with the First Fleet in 1788. The devastating impacts of colonisation were so great that they are still affecting…
Ancient Egypt was an extremely successful early civilization, that thrived off the Nile River in Northeast Africa for over 30 centuries. While there were a wide range of factors that contributed to this ancient society’s success, the factor that was vital was the geography of Ancient Egypt’s settlement. This is because of the natural barriers…
The ancient region of Gandhara was located in what is today northwest Pakistan. It was an astonishingly wealthy area due to its position along the Silk Road that linked it to South Asia and the Mediterranean1. The art of this region fused together foreign styles, like Greco-Roman and Indian styles, to create a visual form…
John Snow, who was a practicing obstetrician in London during the Victorian era speculated that cholera, (originated from a contaminated water supply pump on Broad Street. Mayo Clinic (2017) has reported that “cholera is a bacterial disease usually spread through contaminated water. Cholera causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. Left untreated, cholera can be fatal in…