Short-Term Causes of the end of Tsarism (March 1917) Petrograd workers protest food shortages and criticize the Tsarist regime, March 8-10 Petrograd was on of the main cities of the empire The Russian government was very tenuous- whether it would survive at all was point of debate in the years preceding World War One The…
What is Religion? “Viewed from within, religion is a state of mind, a complex of beliefs and feelings about the forces which govern man’s life and situate it in the world.” (E.R.Dodds) The Greeks did not have a simple word for what we call religion; instead they spoke of ta theia, theon therapeia, and eusebeia.…
Charles I made numerous mistakes throughout his reign that led to a civil war within England and ultimately led to his death in January of 1649. As a ruler who believed in the Divine Right of Kings, Charles choose to rule without parliament and introduced new taxes to fund his rather pointless wars with Spain…
Key Players of Congress of Vienna The “Host” Prince Klemens von Metternich (Aus.) Foreign Minister, Charles Maurice de Tallyrand (Fr.) Tsar Alexander I (Rus.) King Frederick William III (Prus.) Foreign Minister, Viscount Castlereagh (Br.) Main Objectives Its job was to undo everything that Napoléon had done: Reduce France to its old boundaries -> frontiers were…
Edmund Burke, an Anglo-Irish political thinker, and philosopher was the chief framer of conservatism. His most influential work, Reflections on the Revolution in France, opposed the core values of his contemporary revolutionaries and predicted that the French Revolution would cause anarchy and bring about terror. Reflections, published in 1790, was written in the wake of…
The Second Battle of Ypres Fought outside of Ypres, Belgium in 1915 Germans trying to break west and south through the “Ypres salient”. A bulge jutting into German lines Germans used Chlorine Gas, first use of Poison Gas in war The yellow-green gas killed almost everything in its path, men, horses and birds The chlorine…
Appeasement Means to pacify/soothe In Germany, Hitler began to: Build an army, create an air force Stop reparation payments Reoccupy land that was taken away from Germany Rhineland Rejoin forces with Austria in 1938 – called Anschluss (unification). This was allowed because Britain and France felt bad about the Treaty of Versailles and the state…
Early Conquests: After taking Poland, Germany turned towards Northern Europe. In April, 1940 Hitler attacked Denmark and Norway. It took only two months to take these countries. He then turned towards Holland, Luxembourg and Belgium in May. The Blitzkrieg proved to be too much for these countries as well. The Maginot Line After WWI France…
Why did the Aryans fear their ”inferiors”? In the nineteenth century, Charles Darwin published his theory of evolution: all creatures change over time, with the strongest surviving: THE SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST. Many applied this theory to humans. The Nazis believed that they were ethnically ARYAN; superior to all other humans due to their greater…
The Historical Macbeth: Macbeth was king of Scotland, from 1040-1057 He did kill Duncan I, who was not the good soul depicted in Shakespeare’s play Macbeth himself was killed by Duncan’s son, Malcolm These killings were not unusual in medieval Scotland; of Macbeth’s predecessors, seven out of nine met with violent deaths. Macbeth had a…
America’s entrance: German offensive at sea – open target on all Allied ships Results in America’s anger, and a break in diplomatic relations City of Memphis, Illinois – ships with passengers that was torpedoed Lusitania – passenger ship that was also carrying munitions and other goods to Britain was targeted (sign that the neutral US…
The Canadian army relied on volunteers for most of the war. Many young men were excited at first at the idea of fighting for their country They rushed to volunteer in their enthusiasm to get overseas. The horrors of the trenches soon changed this enthusiasm. From 1915 to 1917, Canadian soldiers gained a high reputation…
The New National Convention National Convention after Robespierre was much more conservative than before – entrenched values of moderate middle class -> drastic change for once-powerful groups like sans-culottes and Jacobins who were forced underground (‘sans-culottes’ even became a derisive term) French economy struggled during winter of 1794–1795, with widespread hunger Convention worked hard to…
The National Convention and the French Republic Autumn of 1792, revolutionary government set about electing a National Convention of delegates to oversee France (late September, first election took place under rules of Constitution of 1791) Only 1/3 of newly elected members had sat on a previous assembly, and many new members belonged to either Jacobins…
Louis XVI’s Flight Louis XVI outwardly supported Revolution but contacted rulers of Austria, Prussia, and Sweden, asking help in restoring his power June 1791, Louis XVI and family attempted to escape to Austria to meet Austrian army and arrange an attack on revolutionaries Bourbons caught just before reaching border and brought back to Tuileries in…
The Tennis Court Oath After splitting from Estates-General, delegates from 3rd Estate (now National Assembly) were locked out of usual meeting hall and convened on a nearby tennis court instead All but one of the members took Tennis Court Oath, which stated simply that they would remain indissoluble until they had created a new national…
Necker and the Estates-General Swiss banker Jacques Necker returned as director general of finance and insisted that Louis XVI call together Estates-General, a congress that originated in medieval period and consisted of three estates (1st Estate was clergy, 2nd Estate the nobility, and 3rd Estate the rest of French people) May 5, 1789, Louis XVI…
French Monarchy and Parlements French royalty prior to French Revolution were a study in corruption and excess Doctrine of divine right maintained kings were selected by God and thus perpetually entitled -> resulted in absolute rule and provided commoners with no input into governance of France No universal law in France; rather, laws varied by…
Feudalism and Unfair Taxation No one factor was directly responsible for French Revolution Feudal oppression and fiscal mismanagement contributed to a France on verge of revolt Number of financial advisors reviewed weakened French treasury with same conclusion à France needed a radical change in tax system Charles de Calonne suggested that France begin taxing previously…
Roman citizen Physically fit and 1.6m tall Most soldiers joined between 18-20 years old You were expected to stay in the army for 25 years Training & Work Used fighting methods of Greeks (phalanx) but developed own methods in LEGIONS Legions divided into ‘maniples’ (cohorts) which moved in lines effectively in hilly terrain LEGION: basic…