Breathalyzer – Alcohol testing devices The Breathalyzer device contains: A system to sample one’s breath and Two glass vials containing the chemical reaction mixture. A system of photocells connected to a meter measure the color change associated with the chemical reaction. To measure alcohol, a person breathes into the device. The breath sample is bubbled…
Geology (study of Earth) is important for energy and natural resources, solving environmental problems, building cities and highways, predicting and protecting against natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods Uniformitarianism: fundamental principle “the present is the key to the past” How long? geologic time is measured in billions of years Where and How? After…
Igneous rocks crystallize from molten silicate material called magma that forms at high temperatures and pressures deep in the Earth. Magma rises through the crust and either reaches the surface by volcanoes (extrusive) or cools below surface (intrusive). How Magmas Evolve – according to Bowen’s Reaction Series: discontinuous (different molecular structures of olivine [single tetrahedra],…
The Earth’s climate is always changing, fluctuating from cool temperatures to warm temperatures throughout Earth History. Climate change has become a controversial issue that scientists are sceptical about. The present cause of global warming is part of a natural variation; however it is also greatly caused by human actions. Based on the evidence that I…
Minerals are solid chemical compounds that combine to form rocks. They are found in nature and vary in atomic bonding, molecular structure, and element composition, all of which determine their chemical, physical properties and permit their identification. ‑ An infinite number of chemical combinations are possible and almost 4000 natural minerals are known; however, only…
The property that describes a liquid’s thickness or thinness is called viscosity; high viscosity (thick) liquids differ from low-viscosity (thin) ones. You will also use the particle theory to explain some behaviors and properties of fluids—liquids and gases. A fluid is any substance that flows. The particle theory can explain why some substances flow while…
Different ionic compounds can release the same ions into solution. This ultimately means that different ionic compounds can affect the equilibrium of other ionic compounds. Common ion effect: The solubility of a salt can be reduced by the presence of another salt that has a common ion. Example: if NaCl is dissolved and HCl(aq) is…
The First Law of Thermodynamics: This is the law of conservation of energy. The total amount of energy in the universe is constant. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. We have seen that energy can be transferred from a system to its surroundings and vice versa. During these processes no energy is created nor destroyed…
For the equilibria between an ionic solid and its dissolved ions, the equilibrium constant is called the solubility product Ksp. Ksp gives us information about the solubility of the compound. The lower Ksp is, the less soluble a compound is. Eg: CuCl2 Ksp=1.7×10-7 at 25°C NaCl Ksp= 3.8×101 at 25°C CuS Ksp=6.0×10-37 at 25°C Solubility:…
The reaction quotient is an equation that allows us to determine whether a system is at equilibrium or not. The equation is the same as the equilibrium law except the concentrations are initial concentrations instead of equilibrium concentrations. If Q = K the system is at equilibrium If Q > K, the system will shift…
Where K is the equilibrium constant, A,B,C,D are the equilibrium concentrations of aqueous/gaseous compounds, a,b,c,d are the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation. The equilibrium constant is related to the rate constants of the forward and reverse reactions. It is always the same for a given reaction at a given temperature. Since k changes with…
The body adjusts to: Increased water intake by increasing urine output Decreased water intake or increased exercise by decreasing urine output To do this your body’s nervous system has to communicate with the endocrine system Water balance is regulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ADH regulates the osmotic pressure of body fluids by causing the kidneys…
Occurs in Three Stages: Glomerular Filtration – Movement of fluids from the blood INTO the Bowman’s capsule Reabsorption – Transfer of essential solutes and water from the nephron tubules BACK into the blood Secretion – Movement of materials from the blood into the nephron Filtration Blood moves from the: AORTA to the RENAL ARTERY to…
Origins of Moon Theories Three theories on origin of the Moon: Earth and moon formed simultaneously, with moon orbiting around the earth. Early earth was spinning so fast that a chunk of it broke off from it and spun of into orbit and became the moon. Moon formed elsewhere in solar system and was later…
Parts of the Eye The human eye is like a camera: Iris- like the diaphragm of a camera it controls the amount of light entering. It is the coloured part of the eye and opens and closes around a central hole to control the light entering the eye. Pupil- this is the hole in the…
Where Mountains Form? A mountain is a large mass of rock that rises a great distance above its base. Are formed due to tectonic activity – due to convergence of plate boundaries Most of the world’s mountains are formed in long belts due to the whole side of plates crashing into other plates A mountain…
Are caused by the shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks – cracking of the plates also called faults. Continuing adjustment of position results in aftershocks Unstable Earth The Earth’s crust is subjected to huge forces Very large forces can fracture the rock This…
Organisms can be classified into trophic (feeding) levels depending on how they get their energy. Organisms that get their energy from nonliving sources (sun, organic matter) are called autotrophs (producers) and make up the 1st trophic level. Organisms that get their energy from other living things are called heterotrophs (consumers). Heterotrophs that eat autotrophs make…
4 Types of Pesticides Herbicides : kills plants Insecticides : kills insects Fungicides : kills fungi Bactericides : kills bacteria First-Generation Pesticides inorganic biocides (eg. Metals such Lead, mercury, arsenic, cyanide) Found to be toxic to humans, polluted water and soil and were not biodegradable (not able to break down naturally). Materials from a non-living…
Our solar system is divided into two sections, the first section being the inner planets consisting of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The inner planets have rocky crusts, dense mantle layers, and very dense cores. The second section consists of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Except for Pluto, the outer planets are gaseous with…