The First Law of Thermodynamics: This is the law of conservation of energy. The total amount of energy in the universe is constant. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. We have seen that energy can be transferred from a system to its surroundings and vice versa. During these processes no energy is created nor destroyed…
For the equilibria between an ionic solid and its dissolved ions, the equilibrium constant is called the solubility product Ksp. Ksp gives us information about the solubility of the compound. The lower Ksp is, the less soluble a compound is. Eg: CuCl2 Ksp=1.7×10-7 at 25°C NaCl Ksp= 3.8×101 at 25°C CuS Ksp=6.0×10-37 at 25°C Solubility:…
The reaction quotient is an equation that allows us to determine whether a system is at equilibrium or not. The equation is the same as the equilibrium law except the concentrations are initial concentrations instead of equilibrium concentrations. If Q = K the system is at equilibrium If Q > K, the system will shift…
Where K is the equilibrium constant, A,B,C,D are the equilibrium concentrations of aqueous/gaseous compounds, a,b,c,d are the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation. The equilibrium constant is related to the rate constants of the forward and reverse reactions. It is always the same for a given reaction at a given temperature. Since k changes with…
The body adjusts to: Increased water intake by increasing urine output Decreased water intake or increased exercise by decreasing urine output To do this your body’s nervous system has to communicate with the endocrine system Water balance is regulated by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ADH regulates the osmotic pressure of body fluids by causing the kidneys…
Occurs in Three Stages: Glomerular Filtration – Movement of fluids from the blood INTO the Bowman’s capsule Reabsorption – Transfer of essential solutes and water from the nephron tubules BACK into the blood Secretion – Movement of materials from the blood into the nephron Filtration Blood moves from the: AORTA to the RENAL ARTERY to…
Origins of Moon Theories Three theories on origin of the Moon: Earth and moon formed simultaneously, with moon orbiting around the earth. Early earth was spinning so fast that a chunk of it broke off from it and spun of into orbit and became the moon. Moon formed elsewhere in solar system and was later…
Parts of the Eye The human eye is like a camera: Iris- like the diaphragm of a camera it controls the amount of light entering. It is the coloured part of the eye and opens and closes around a central hole to control the light entering the eye. Pupil- this is the hole in the…
Where Mountains Form? A mountain is a large mass of rock that rises a great distance above its base. Are formed due to tectonic activity – due to convergence of plate boundaries Most of the world’s mountains are formed in long belts due to the whole side of plates crashing into other plates A mountain…
Are caused by the shaking or trembling caused by the sudden release of energy Usually associated with faulting or breaking of rocks – cracking of the plates also called faults. Continuing adjustment of position results in aftershocks Unstable Earth The Earth’s crust is subjected to huge forces Very large forces can fracture the rock This…
Organisms can be classified into trophic (feeding) levels depending on how they get their energy. Organisms that get their energy from nonliving sources (sun, organic matter) are called autotrophs (producers) and make up the 1st trophic level. Organisms that get their energy from other living things are called heterotrophs (consumers). Heterotrophs that eat autotrophs make…
4 Types of Pesticides Herbicides : kills plants Insecticides : kills insects Fungicides : kills fungi Bactericides : kills bacteria First-Generation Pesticides inorganic biocides (eg. Metals such Lead, mercury, arsenic, cyanide) Found to be toxic to humans, polluted water and soil and were not biodegradable (not able to break down naturally). Materials from a non-living…
Our solar system is divided into two sections, the first section being the inner planets consisting of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The inner planets have rocky crusts, dense mantle layers, and very dense cores. The second section consists of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Except for Pluto, the outer planets are gaseous with…
Plants are organized into two sections: 1) Shoots – stem and leaves 2) Roots Stems: Support leaves Transport water and minerals to leaves Transport sugar to the leaves Two main types of stems 1) Herbaceous – green and soft Contain vascular bundles o Collections of xylem (water) and phloem (carbs) § Can be scattered (monocots)…
10. Establish a proper study area. We recommend the kitchen or dining room table. This area should be free of distractions such as the television. Hint – never use your bedroom as a study area. A study area should never be too comfortable. 9. Make studying a regular routine in your day. “Motivation is what…
1. Find the longest continuous chain of carbons in the molecule. This chain is used as the parent structure. In the example, the longest continuous chain contains seven carbons. Therefore the parent hydrocarbon structure is heptane. 2. Number the carbons in the main chain in sequence. In doing this start at the end that will…
The Kyoto Protocol (1997) A product of 160 countries meeting in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997 The goal of the protocol is to reduce the total emissions of industrialized countries to 5.2% below 1990 levels Carbon sinks may count toward a country’s commitment to reduce greenhouse gases. A “sink” is any process that removes greenhouse…
Era Time Millions of Yrs Ago Began — Ended Major Geological Events Major Biological Events Canadian Landforms Created Precambrian (earliest life) 4600 570 – volcanoes erupted, many cycles of mountain building and erosion – 1st single-celled organisms – 1st multi-celled organisms – Canadian Shield formed Paleozoic (ancient life) 570 245 – periods when large parts…
Divergent and Convergent Pathways Once a new species forms, its evolutionary pathway may diverge from the original species. Disruptive selection continues long after speciation has occurred resulting in divergent evolution. Divergent evolution: occurs when two or more species evolve increasingly different traits, resulting from differing selective pressures or genetic drift. Species with significantly different morphological…
Scientific drawings are an important part of the science of biology and all biologists must be able to produce good quality scientific drawings regardless of your artistic ability. Drawings not only allow you to record an image of the specimen observed but more importantly, they help you to remember the specimen as well as the…