Genetics Definitions Genes: portion of the DNA molecule that codes for a particular protein. Loci: location in the DNA molecule of the gene Alleles: forms of a gene Homozygous: paired alleles are identical Heterozygous: paired alleles are different Genotype: set of all alleles (i.e. genetic expression) Phenotype: all observable traits (i.e. physical expression) Genome: The…
Electric Current (the movement of electrons) in a wire can produce a force at a distance (a field) on metals made of any combination of Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt. This is an electromagnet. All neutral atoms have electrons moving in orbits. Some atoms (Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt) have an electron arrangement that act like tiny…
DNA or nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of 3 molecules: a 5-carbon sugar (pentose) either deoxyribose (in DNA) or ribose (in RNA) a phosphate attached at the #5 carbon of the sugar an organic or nitrogenous base – a nitrogen containing ring structure – attached at the #1 carbon of…
In chemistry, isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. The word is derived from the Greek ισομερης, isomerès; isos = “equal”, méros = “part”. There are many different classes of isomers, like stereoisomers, enantiomers, geometrical isomers (see chart below). Isomers do not necessarily share similar properties, unless they also have…
Water is a unique substance essential to life. It is the most abundant molecule in any cell. The human body is 55-78% composed of water. 1. Polar Molecule – A polar covalent bond is formed between oxygen and hydrogen. The oxygen atom is slightly negative and the hydrogen is slightly positive due to unequal sharing…
On November 4, 1979, several hundred Iranian students and other demonstrators took possession of the US embassy in Tehran by force, in protest at the admission of the deposed Shah of Iran into the United States for medical treatment. The demonstrators were not opposed by the Iranian security forces. US consulates elsewhere in Iran were…
From 1815 to 1847 – The restored rulers of the German states would reverse/weaken any reforms from the Napoleonic period – Student fraternities (Burschenschaft) the most radical element in Germany Conservative Historian assassinated, Metternich convinces Emperor of Austria/King of Prussia to institute the Carlsbad Decrees (dissolve fraternities & censorship) – Further revolts towards 1830 German…
Common fungi: mushrooms, moulds, yeast and truffles 1. Cell Type: eukaryotic 2. Type of Reproduction: asexual and sexual life cycle Sex cell = spores – made by the sporangium – spores are spread by wind – spores germinate (grow) Asexual fragmentation may also occur 3. Characteristics nonmotile mycelium – vegetative part, under ground wide variety…
– the study of categorizing organisms Binomial Nomenclature – two-part scientific naming of organisms – the first word identifies the genus and the second word is the species Example: Ursus americanus – Ursus horribilis – Ursus arctos – Ursus maritimus – NOTE: the format: capitals and italics Levels of Classification (7) or Taxa: “King…
Four basic Steps: 1. Attachment and entrance: the virus recognizes the host cell and attaches. The whole virus or just it’s genetic material enters the cell. 2. Synthesis of proteins: The genetic material of the virus (DNA or RNA) instructs the cell to start making viral proteins and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) 3. Assembly of a…
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) -very expensive with 2 million times magnification – specimen must be cut very thinly and must be dead Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) – produces a 3-D image of the surface – whole specimen must be dead Compound Microscope – the one we use – two lenses illuminated by a light source…
All Bacteria have the following characteristics: Unicellular and stick together in colonies Are prokaryotic (no nucleus, vacuoles, mitochondria or chloroplasts) They have a single chromosome in a DNA loop They reproduce asexually by binary fission Live in moist environment and are inactive in dry environments Two groups of Bacteria 1. Archaebacteria – primitive bacteria that…
Organ Transplantation – Living donations of the kidney, part of liver, lobe of lung, part of intestine and portion of pancreas can be made – A donor must be healthy in order to give an organ – The demand for living organs is increasing – For cultural and personal reasons, some are resistant to transplants…
Initiation: – Upstream of the gene, RNA polymerase binds to a genes promoter region and unwinds the DNA double helix Elongation: – RNA polymerase starts building an mRNA, using the template strand of the DNA molecule, in the direction of 5’ to3’ – the strand that is not copied is called the coding strand – …
What Is a Real Hypothesis? A hypothesis is a tentative statement that proposes a possible explanation for some phenomenon or event. A useful hypothesis is a testable statement that may include a prediction. When Are Hypotheses Used? The keyword is testable. That is, you will perform a test of how two variables might be related.…
> synapse: spaces between neurons, or between neurons and effectors > vesicles containing chemical neurotransmitters are located at the end of neuron axons Electrical Signals: > electrical impulses moving along the axon stimulate the release of neurotransmitters Chemical Signals: > neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron and diffuse across the synaptic cleft > neurotransmitters…
– obtained from bacterial cells where they act as an immune system, they digest foreign DNA molecules from viruses – molecular scissors that cut DNA at a specific base-pair sequence (the recognition site) – they scan DNA, stop at their recognition sites, then disrupt the phosphodiester bonds and the hydrogen bonds between nucleotides cutting a…
– cyclic process in the stroma that converts carbon dioxide into carbohydrate molecules – three phases: 1) carbon fixation, 2) reduction reaction, 3) RuBP regeneration Phase 1: Carbon Fixation – C02 added to RuBP -> unstable 6-carbon intermediate -> 2 3-carbon PGAs – required to occur three times, 3 CO2 + 3 RuBP -> 6…
Light Reactions: – require chlorophyll and take place in thykaloid membranes – absorb light energy and transfer it to ADP and NADP+ – energy is transferred to carbohydrate molecules in the Calvin cycle Carbon Fixation: – incorporate molecules of CO2(g) into organic molecules, such as glucose – require energy from ATP and NADPH – takes…
The nervous system is an elaborate communication system that functions to regulate the actions of your body to maintain the internal environment within safe limits Nerve Cells: Glial cells – non-neuronal cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in the nervous system. Functions: – surround neurons and…