There a 6 essential features needed to create maps. – MUST HAVES Title: A title should tell the reader both what the map is about and where the map is depicting. It should be located at the top of a map, in large print, inside the border of the map. eg. Land Use in Mississauga,…
Incomplete Dominance – there is an interaction between 2 alleles in the homozygous form – alleles are semi – or incompletely dominant and act together to yield an intermediate heterozygote – usually phenotypically between the two homozygote Codominance – when definite product or substance controlled by each allele is identified ex. of incomplete dominance: Andalusian…
The polymerase chain reaction is a technique for quickly “cloning” a particular piece of DNA in the test tube (rather than in living cells like E. coli). Thanks to this procedure, one can make virtually unlimited copies of a single DNA molecule even though it is initially present in a mixture containing many different DNA…
– inhale – oxygen travels down the bronchi and bronchioles – into the alveoli – oxygen strikes the moist coating of the alveolar wall – dissolves in this liquid – moves by diffusion through the cells of the alveoli, and into the cells of the capillaries – enters the red blood cells which will transport…
Asthma – results in contraction of smooth muscle that surrounds airways – makes breathing difficult – allergic reaction – treat with bronchodilators – causes airways to dilate (increase in diameter) Bronchitis – inflammation of bronchial lining + overproduction of mucous and frequent coughing – related to smoking and other irritants (air pollution etc) – increased…
Pathogen – a disease causing organisms – May be: – viral (HIV, chicken pox) – bacterial (TB, strep) – fungal (athletes foot) – Protozoan (malaria = plasmodium) – Flatworm – Roundworm How to get infected? – airborne; waterborne; food; insect transmission; STI; skin Barriers to infection – skin, mucous membranes Specific defenses – production of…
Evolution describes the changes in the gene pool of a species over time. These changes are the results of mutations, natural selection and genetic drift. Often populations produce more offspring than the environment can support; in other words, they often exceed the carrying capacity. Over-production of offspring leads to intraspecific competition and survival of the…
Genetics Definitions Genes: portion of the DNA molecule that codes for a particular protein. Loci: location in the DNA molecule of the gene Alleles: forms of a gene Homozygous: paired alleles are identical Heterozygous: paired alleles are different Genotype: set of all alleles (i.e. genetic expression) Phenotype: all observable traits (i.e. physical expression) Genome: The…
Electric Current (the movement of electrons) in a wire can produce a force at a distance (a field) on metals made of any combination of Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt. This is an electromagnet. All neutral atoms have electrons moving in orbits. Some atoms (Iron, Nickel, and Cobalt) have an electron arrangement that act like tiny…
DNA or nucleic acid is a polymer of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of 3 molecules: a 5-carbon sugar (pentose) either deoxyribose (in DNA) or ribose (in RNA) a phosphate attached at the #5 carbon of the sugar an organic or nitrogenous base – a nitrogen containing ring structure – attached at the #1 carbon of…
In chemistry, isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. The word is derived from the Greek ισομερης, isomerès; isos = “equal”, méros = “part”. There are many different classes of isomers, like stereoisomers, enantiomers, geometrical isomers (see chart below). Isomers do not necessarily share similar properties, unless they also have…
Water is a unique substance essential to life. It is the most abundant molecule in any cell. The human body is 55-78% composed of water. 1. Polar Molecule – A polar covalent bond is formed between oxygen and hydrogen. The oxygen atom is slightly negative and the hydrogen is slightly positive due to unequal sharing…
On November 4, 1979, several hundred Iranian students and other demonstrators took possession of the US embassy in Tehran by force, in protest at the admission of the deposed Shah of Iran into the United States for medical treatment. The demonstrators were not opposed by the Iranian security forces. US consulates elsewhere in Iran were…
From 1815 to 1847 – The restored rulers of the German states would reverse/weaken any reforms from the Napoleonic period – Student fraternities (Burschenschaft) the most radical element in Germany Conservative Historian assassinated, Metternich convinces Emperor of Austria/King of Prussia to institute the Carlsbad Decrees (dissolve fraternities & censorship) – Further revolts towards 1830 German…
Common fungi: mushrooms, moulds, yeast and truffles 1. Cell Type: eukaryotic 2. Type of Reproduction: asexual and sexual life cycle Sex cell = spores – made by the sporangium – spores are spread by wind – spores germinate (grow) Asexual fragmentation may also occur 3. Characteristics nonmotile mycelium – vegetative part, under ground wide variety…
– the study of categorizing organisms Binomial Nomenclature – two-part scientific naming of organisms – the first word identifies the genus and the second word is the species Example: Ursus americanus – Ursus horribilis – Ursus arctos – Ursus maritimus – NOTE: the format: capitals and italics Levels of Classification (7) or Taxa: “King…
Four basic Steps: 1. Attachment and entrance: the virus recognizes the host cell and attaches. The whole virus or just it’s genetic material enters the cell. 2. Synthesis of proteins: The genetic material of the virus (DNA or RNA) instructs the cell to start making viral proteins and nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) 3. Assembly of a…
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) -very expensive with 2 million times magnification – specimen must be cut very thinly and must be dead Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) – produces a 3-D image of the surface – whole specimen must be dead Compound Microscope – the one we use – two lenses illuminated by a light source…
All Bacteria have the following characteristics: Unicellular and stick together in colonies Are prokaryotic (no nucleus, vacuoles, mitochondria or chloroplasts) They have a single chromosome in a DNA loop They reproduce asexually by binary fission Live in moist environment and are inactive in dry environments Two groups of Bacteria 1. Archaebacteria – primitive bacteria that…
Organ Transplantation – Living donations of the kidney, part of liver, lobe of lung, part of intestine and portion of pancreas can be made – A donor must be healthy in order to give an organ – The demand for living organs is increasing – For cultural and personal reasons, some are resistant to transplants…