1.0 Background: A breakthrough scientific experiment conducted by ‘Carnegie Science’ found that soil salinity considerably affects the growth rate in plants. The experiment found how plants create Abscisic Acid as a stress hormone when the endodermis is exposed to drought or saline environments. “The endodermis also acts as a guard, with Abscisic Acid, to prevent…
As the population grows at an exponential rate, feeding the world’s people is becoming an increasingly important field of scientific concern. Projections predict that population will grow more than 2 billion by 2050. This rapid growth cannot be sustained in definitely and will be either at the expense of a lower lifestyle quality or dramatically…
Cloning, a reproductive process resulting in two or more identical copies of organisms is a relatively new field of inquiry, making genetically identical organisms artificially. Within the world of science, there are two categories of cloning, natural cloning such as identical twins, and artificial cloning which is a clone produced by artificial means. There are…
Introduction: Our group had done 3 data sets for the same experiment process, and had recorded 3 groups of data. The aim of experiments was to determine the percentage of water in hydrated Ca(NO3)2. We obtained the percentages through experimental procedures of reacting Ca(NO3)2 with Na2CO3 , filtrating and drying CaCO3. The chemical equation of…
(a). Define Atomic radius? Ans. The distance from the centre of the atom to the outermost electrons is called the Atomic radius. (b) State and explain the trends in the atomic radius for the period and a group. Ans. As you move across a period the atomic radius decreases except for the noble gases, because…
OBJECTIVES To understand how a potential difference (voltage) can cause an electric current flow through a conductor. To understand the relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in a DC circuit. To explain the physics behind the different current readings across the circuit. THEORY Direct Current (DC) is the constant flow of electric charge from high…
Chapter One Matter is anything that takes up space. Solids and liquids are incompressible. Gases are highly compressible. Gas refers to a substance that is a gas at room temperature; vapor refers to the gas form of a solid/liquid substance. Chapter Three Physical properties are characteristics that can be observed without changing composition. Extensive properties…
Introduction: Fatty acids are long chains of hydrocarbons with COOH groups, or carboxyl groups. Fatty acids are further classified as either saturated or unsaturated based on the type of bonds present. Unsaturated fatty acids contain multiple bonds in addition to single bonds, they are likely to exist as liquids at room temperature. Oils are mixtures…
Problem: Yeasts undergo aerobic cell respiration if there is sufficient oxygen and releases carbon dioxide as a waste product. Yeasts, like any other cells, have an optimum temperature at which they work most efficiently, including the process of cell respiration. This experiment aims to discover the relation between temperature and the carbon dioxide yield of…
The genetic code for a protein is defined as degenerate because there is more than 1 codon that can code for an amino acid. Codon bias is the probability that a given codon will be used to code for an amino acid over a synonymous codon. This report will be exploring codon bias for Arginine…
What are Kidney Stones? Small, hard mineral and acid salt deposits that form inside the kidneys. Often occur when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together. May affect any part of the urinary tract — from your kidneys to your bladder Stones are classified by their location in the urinary system…
Research Question: What is the effect of changing the angle (ranging from 0° to 90°)at which the “Speed of a Bubble” tube is tilted on the velocity of the bubble going up the tube? Background: For this experiment we used “Speed of a Bubble” tubes. These are long glass tubes filled with a fluid of…
Objective: The purpose of this lab is to approximate the frequency of “head to head” occurrences in a polydisperse solution of polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) using the Flory & Leutner Method. The Flory & Leutner method depends on the notion that a “head to head” linkage is a 1,2 glycol which can be cleaved by periodic…
The leading cause of death in horses is colic. Colic is defined as abdominal pain and is a symptom, not a diagnosis. (Walker) Some causes of this would be improper care, diet, and management practices, but it can be prevented. Colic can be treated if the symptoms aren’t avoided, otherwise can be fatal. There are…
Aim: To investigate how different concentrations of sodium chloride affect the rate of corrosion on iron nails. Theory: Corrosion is the degradation of a metal due to chemical reactions between it and its surrounding environment (Bell, 2015). It is most commonly associated with rust, in particular the rusting of metals such as iron. Iron corrosion…
TLC is thin layer chromatography, chromatography in which compounds are separated on a thin layer of adsorbent material, typically a coating of silica gel on a glass plate or plastic sheet. Lab coats and safety glasses must be worn as Ethanol which is flammable, Ethyl Ethanoate which is volatile, highly flammable and the vapor may…
Abstract In this experiment, 1.41M sodium chloride aqueous solution was prepared and quantitatively transferred into a 250ml volumetric flask to further diluted to 0.141M. The transfer was inspected to be complete by attempting to precipitate with silver nitrate solution. Sand was successfully separated from 600ml water by vacuum filtration. The Pasteur pipet was calibrated to…
Plant-like protest (phytoplankton)… contains flagella, are sensitive to light (eyespots), are autotrophic, and responsible for most of the oxygen in the air. Euglenophyta aka Euglena (plant like) No shells Can be photosynthetic but if in darkness long, will become saprophyte Found in stagnant and fresh water Asexual reproduction via binary fission Pellicle Chrysophyta (diatoms and…
Introduction In this lab, our purpose was to calculate the value of X in the chemical equation CuSO4 ∙ XH2O using our knowledge of percent composition. The only information we were given was that the value of X is somewhere between one and ten which indicates the number of water molecules there are that hydrate…
Atoms An atom is a building block of all matter (all things that are solid/liquid/gas). An atom the smallest single building block that makes up all mater. An atom is made of: protons, neutrons and electrons. Element An element is 2 or more of the same atom. E.g. – O3. The periodic table of elements…