4 Types of Pesticides Herbicides : kills plants Insecticides : kills insects Fungicides : kills fungi Bactericides : kills bacteria First-Generation Pesticides inorganic biocides (eg. Metals such Lead, mercury, arsenic, cyanide) Found to be toxic to humans, polluted water and soil and were not biodegradable (not able to break down naturally). Materials from a non-living…
Our solar system is divided into two sections, the first section being the inner planets consisting of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The inner planets have rocky crusts, dense mantle layers, and very dense cores. The second section consists of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Except for Pluto, the outer planets are gaseous with…
Plants are organized into two sections: 1) Shoots – stem and leaves 2) Roots Stems: Support leaves Transport water and minerals to leaves Transport sugar to the leaves Two main types of stems 1) Herbaceous – green and soft Contain vascular bundles o Collections of xylem (water) and phloem (carbs) § Can be scattered (monocots)…
10. Establish a proper study area. We recommend the kitchen or dining room table. This area should be free of distractions such as the television. Hint – never use your bedroom as a study area. A study area should never be too comfortable. 9. Make studying a regular routine in your day. “Motivation is what…
1. Find the longest continuous chain of carbons in the molecule. This chain is used as the parent structure. In the example, the longest continuous chain contains seven carbons. Therefore the parent hydrocarbon structure is heptane. 2. Number the carbons in the main chain in sequence. In doing this start at the end that will…
The Kyoto Protocol (1997) A product of 160 countries meeting in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997 The goal of the protocol is to reduce the total emissions of industrialized countries to 5.2% below 1990 levels Carbon sinks may count toward a country’s commitment to reduce greenhouse gases. A “sink” is any process that removes greenhouse…
Era Time Millions of Yrs Ago Began — Ended Major Geological Events Major Biological Events Canadian Landforms Created Precambrian (earliest life) 4600 570 – volcanoes erupted, many cycles of mountain building and erosion – 1st single-celled organisms – 1st multi-celled organisms – Canadian Shield formed Paleozoic (ancient life) 570 245 – periods when large parts…
Divergent and Convergent Pathways Once a new species forms, its evolutionary pathway may diverge from the original species. Disruptive selection continues long after speciation has occurred resulting in divergent evolution. Divergent evolution: occurs when two or more species evolve increasingly different traits, resulting from differing selective pressures or genetic drift. Species with significantly different morphological…
Scientific drawings are an important part of the science of biology and all biologists must be able to produce good quality scientific drawings regardless of your artistic ability. Drawings not only allow you to record an image of the specimen observed but more importantly, they help you to remember the specimen as well as the…
Solute: substances that are dissolved in fluid (eg. salt) Solvent: the liquid the solute is dissolved in (eg. water) Passive Transport movement of materials across a cell membrane without energy; Movement along a concentration gradient Diffusion movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration movement will continue until…
Nucleus: Contains most of the genetic info in the eukaryotic cell (some genes are located in mitochondria and chloroplasts) Contains 1 or more nucleolus surrounded by nuclear envelope Nuclear envelope: a double membrane that encloses the nucleus separating its contents from the cytoplasm. Nucleolus – appears as a mass of densely stained granules and fibres…
The quantity of energy associated with the formation of one mole of a substance from its elements (in their standard states). The standard states (at SATP) of most elements are solid, except for the gaseous diatomic molecules, H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, and the two liquid elements Hg and Br2. These energies can be looked…
Temperature Most seeds need a certain degree of warmth to germinate (sprout). Most plants have an optimal (best) range of temperature for growth. Higher: Plants have smaller leaves, thicker cuticles, and wilt is more likely to occur. Lower: Grow lower to the ground, have shorter life cycles, and dish-shaped leaves. Temperature affects moisture and nutrient…
Biological (Medical) Model The mind’s activity depends on the brain whose composition is genetically determined Still acknowledge influences of environment and learning Genetic influences on anxiety and depression Brain structure different in individuals with schizophrenia- process information differently Therapy: Pharmacological treatments (medication) Behavioural Model Focuses on what people do rather than on brain structures and/or…
Typically emphasizes exposure as well as changing problematic patterns of thinking Typically involve- 10 individual or group sessions with a therapist plus homework Has been shown to produce significant improvements Has been combined with drug therapy Agoraphobia: Fear of not being able to escape from a public place if they have a panic attack The…
Sex and Gender Roles Sex – a determination of male or female on the basis of a set of socially agreed-upon biological criteria Gender – social distinctions between masculinity and femininity The Biological Female and Male? Problematizing the sex/gender distinction, and the category of sex itself, is the assertion that our bodies are absolutely separate…
Species: Latin word meaning “kind” Speciation: The origin of new species Macroevolution: The evolutionary changes above the species level eg. The appearance of feathers during the evolution of birds from one set of dinosaurs Anagenesis – one species over time becomes another species Cladogenesis– one species, over time, splits and becomes two species Morphogensis– look…
The chemical reactions of metabolism are reversible, and they, too, would reach equilibrium if they occurred in the isolation of a test tube. Because systems at equilibrium are at a minimum of G and can do no work, a cell that has reached metabolic equilibrium is dead. A cell in our body is not in…
Selective Permeability: Allows some substances to cross it more easily than others. A phospholipid is an amphipathic molecule, meaning it has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. Fluid Mosaic Model: The membrane is a fluid-structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in or attached to a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids. The…
Living systems increase the entropy of their surroundings, as predicted by thermodynamic law. We can trace the ancestry of the plant kingdom to much simpler organisms called green algae. However, this increase in organization over time in no way violates the second law. The entropy of a particular system, such as an organism, may actually…