The Outer Planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto & Charon

Our solar system is divided into two sections, the first section being the inner planets consisting of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The inner planets have rocky crusts, dense mantle layers, and very dense cores. The second section consists of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. Except for Pluto, the outer planets are gaseous with…

Geologic History Chart

Era Time Millions of Yrs Ago Began — Ended Major Geological Events Major Biological Events Canadian Landforms Created Precambrian (earliest life) 4600      570 – volcanoes erupted, many cycles of mountain building and erosion – 1st single-celled organisms – 1st multi-celled organisms – Canadian Shield formed Paleozoic (ancient life) 570        245 – periods when large parts…

Evolution: Synapomorphies & Cladogram

Divergent and Convergent Pathways Once a new species forms, its evolutionary pathway may diverge from the original species. Disruptive selection continues long after speciation has occurred resulting in divergent evolution. Divergent evolution: occurs when two or more species evolve increasingly different traits, resulting from differing selective pressures or genetic drift. Species with significantly different morphological…

Models of Human Nature and Therapeutic Change

Biological (Medical) Model The mind’s activity depends on the brain whose composition is genetically determined Still acknowledge influences of environment and learning Genetic influences on anxiety and depression Brain structure different in individuals with schizophrenia- process information differently Therapy: Pharmacological treatments (medication) Behavioural Model Focuses on what people do rather than on brain structures and/or…

Speciation: Prezygotic and Postzygotic Barriers

Species: Latin word meaning “kind” Speciation: The origin of new species Macroevolution: The evolutionary changes above the species level eg. The appearance of feathers during the evolution of birds from one set of dinosaurs Anagenesis – one species over time becomes another species Cladogenesis– one species, over time, splits and becomes two species Morphogensis– look…

Cellular Membranes: Fluid Mosaic of Lipids and Proteins

Selective Permeability: Allows some substances to cross it more easily than others. A phospholipid is an amphipathic molecule, meaning it has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. Fluid Mosaic Model: The membrane is a fluid-structure with a “mosaic” of various proteins embedded in or attached to a double layer (bilayer) of phospholipids. The…