What is diabetes insipidus? Diabetes insipidus (DI) is an endocrine disorder involving deficient production or lack of effective action of an antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin). ADH is made in the hypothalamus (lower part of the brain), stored in and secreted by the pituitary gland (a small gland located below the hypothalamus), and works on…
Today childhood obesity is the most common nutritional disorder affecting children and teens (Peters, 2009). Obesity is not just being overweight; it can contribute to a risk of strokes, heart disease, type II diabetes, cancers and arthritis (McVeigh, 2009). With over 1.6 million children overweight in Canada, obesity rates in children is climbing at an…
Materials: Lab apron Eye protection Centigram or analytical balance 8-10g or unknown salt Water Thermometer 3 Styrofoam cups (calorimeter) 100 mL cylinder Filter paper Procedure: Safety equipment, including goggles were put on. 8-10g of an unknown salt on a filter paper was obtained from the teacher. The mass of the salt and filter paper were…
An enzyme is described as a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. In order for an enzyme to perform its given job, it needs what is known as a substrate to bind to the active site of the enzyme so that the enzyme can speed up the reaction of the…
Hormones: chemicals released by cells that affect cells in other parts of the body Endocrine Hormones: chemicals secreted by endocrine glands directly to the blood Exocrine glands secret substances through ducts, where as endocrine glands secret directly into the blood The nervous system enables the body to adjust quickly to the environment; the endocrine system…
Neural Circuits Reflex arc: neural circuit through the spinal cord that provides a framework for a reflex action The Central Nervous System The two components of the central nervous system are the brain and the spinal cord. Meninges are protective membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. The Meninges is made up of three…
Rods respond to low intensity light; cones, which require high intensity light, identify colour. The blind spot is where the optic nerve attaches to the retina; no rods or cones are present in this area, so there’s an absence of photosensitive cells Ciliary muscles change the shape of the lens. A thicker lens permits the…
A biological macromolecule is defined as a large molecule made up of smaller organic molecules, known as monomers. There are four classes of biological macromolecules, one of them being carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are made of three base elements; Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. There are three different classes of carbohydrates; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and…
Physical Properties Amorphous Density: 0.85 g/cm3 [1] Crystalline Density: 0.95 g/cm3 [2] Melting Point of 320°F (160°C) Doesn’t Soak up water (good for uses around moisture) Chemical Properties Very strong against corrosion; doesn’t react with chemicals like alkaline substances, acids, etc. Low flammability Poor UV resistance Structural Formula Functional Groups Polypropylene contains a carbon backbone…
Two Types of Anaerobic Respiration Lactic Acid Fermentation Reactants: Pyruvate and NADH Products: NAD+ and lactate (lactic acid) Occurs in Muscle cells and micro-organisms Alcohol Fermentation Reactants: Pyruvate Products: Ethanol and CO2 (waste) Occurs in Yeasts and some bacteria Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration Similarities Both processes begin with the breakdown of sugar (glucose) Both processes…
The following table lists the deadliest earthquakes on record according to date, location, number of deaths, and magnitude. On Jan. 23, 1556, an 8.0 magnitude earthquake struck Shansi, China killing 830,000 people. Date Location Deaths Magnitude Jan. 23, 1556 Shansi, China 830,000 ~8 July 27, 1976 Tangshan, China 255,0001 7.5 Aug. 9, 1138 Aleppo, Syria…
1. INFANCY (birth to 1 year) Breast milk or infant formula Pureed foods high in nutrients (40 to 50% of caloric intake from fat sources) 2. TODDLERS / PRE-SCHOOLER (1 to 5 years) Foods high in nutrients especially: folic acid, vitamin A, B6, C, E, calcium, iron, & zinc (fat intake should be 30% of…
Enzymes are biological catalysts, responsible for directing the flow of chemical reactions that is the basis for life. By far the majority of enzymes are proteins, but some consist of RNA or a complex of protein and RNA. Enzymes are remarkably specific, acting on only one or a few types of molecules (called “substrates” of…
As mentioned, the range of protein functions is enormous: from passive structural elements to active motor proteins and everything in between. What characteristics of proteins are required for them to carry out these functions? While these characteristics vary from protein to protein, there are some that can be found in most proteins. We will discuss…
It is often necessary to obtain a preparation containing protein molecules of only a single type (a “pure protein”); eg. for medical use or scientific study. With such preparations, one may determine 3D structure, binding affinities, or determine the amino acid sequence. Obtaining a pure protein is generally challenging because there are thousands of proteins…
Proteins are the largest and most varied class of biological molecules, and they show the greatest variety of structures. Many have intricate three-dimensional folding patterns that result in a compact form, but others do not fold up at all (“natively unstructured proteins”) and exist in random conformations. The function of proteins depends on their structure,…
More properly known as alpha-amino acids, their general structure is: Nineteen of the twenty amino acids have the same arrangement around the central alpha-carbon: a. an amino group, b. a carboxyl group, c. a hydrogen, and d. an R group (called the “side chain”) which differs for each amino acid. Recall that when 4 different…
The term “dogma” describes a doctrine or code of beliefs accepted as authoritative. The central dogma of biology refers to the way that genetic information is stored and retrieved in living cells. The classic relationship is DNA > RNA > Protein. Thus DNA functions as the information storage molecule, and this information is “read out”…
Observations Volume and Temperature Trial T1 (temperature of the air in the flask of boiling water in Celsius) 99ᵒC T2( temperature of air in cooled flask in Celsius) 7ᵒC A(volume of water in flask at T2) 73 mL V1(volume of air in flask at T1) 250 mL V2( Volume of air in flask at T2)…
The cardiovascular system or circulatory system is a system that moves nutrients, gases, and wastes between cells helps fight diseases and transports blood throughout the body (Circulatory System). The main components of the human cardiovascular system include the heart, blood, and various blood vessels. There are several different circuits contained in the cardiovascular system. One…