Lead-Acid batteries were the first type of rechargeable battery ever invented. They were invented in 1859 by the French physicist, Gaston Plante. They are very useful in vehicles due to their low cost, robust nature, high tolerance for abuse and large power-to-weight ratio. lead-acid batteries are not only used in cars, but can be used…
Relative Sizes (Earth, solar system, Milky Way galaxy, local super cluster, universe) Relative Distances If the sun shrank to 1mm (grain of sand) then earth would be 11cm away, Pluto would be 4 meters and the nearest star would be ajax If the entire solar system shrank to 1mm one side of the milky way…
Star: A large ball of glowing gas that generates heat and light, through nuclear fission in its cove. Our sun is a star. Planet: any of the nine large celestial bodies in the solar system that revolves around the sun and shine by reflected light. Moon (or satellite): the natural satellite of the Earth.…
The evolution of the star: Stars are born out of clouds of gas and dust. A star generates energy by converting hydrogen into helium deep in the centre (the core). As most of the hydrogen turns into helium in the core, the core runs out of “fuel”. The core contracts under pressure and becomes hotter…
Formation: Differences between disk and halo: –Orbits of stars, ages of stars, the metal contents in stars, and the amount of gas and dust are all different Current theory suggests that the Galaxy formed from an enormous cloud of gas (the Protogalactic Cloud) The halo and the first generations of stars formed as this cloud…
Sexual reproduction: production of offspring; union of male and female gametes Gametes: eggs and sperms cells in animals Sexual reproduction depends on Meiosis; specialized process of cell division; recombines DNA sequences, produces cells with half the number of chromosomes in somatic cells. (chromosome= reduction) Fertilization: nuclei of egg/ sperm fuse; producing zygote (# chromosomes typical…
Genetic linkage: genes located on the same chromosome may be inherited together in genetic crosses. Linked Genes: Genes on the same chromosomes Morgan- first to map genes; can’t directly measure the distance between genes Do it indirectly- genes sitting far apart on a chromosome would be more likely to be separated from one another during…
Blending theory of inheritance: hereditary trait blend evenly in offspring through mixing of parent’s blood. Mendel studied heritable characteristics called characters; plant color and seed shape. Variation in character= Trait Monohybrid cross between to heterozygous parents (Dr x Dr) F1 generation will yield phenotypic ration of 3:1 (1/4 getting PP or pp, or ½ getting…
Genetic recombination needs: Homologous chromosomes; must differ from one another along one at least two spots Mechanism to bring into close proximity of each other Homology allows the DNA to line and recombine precisely. Cut and passing 4 DNA backbones results in 1 recombination event. Lederberg Experiment E.coli grown in minimal medium; contains water, organic…
Cell Cycle: nuclear division, cytokinesis Parental cell: genetic copies of parental cell 3 process: checks/ regulators for each step to ensure timely progression, replication process to synthesis DNA into two copies, interwoven “cables” and “motors” of mitotic cytoskeletons. Chromosomes: nuclear units of genetic information; DNA molecules combined with proteins. In eukaryotes, heredity information of nucleus…
Sexual response cycle – four stage cycle experienced during sexual arousal Excitement phase – arousal builds rapidly Plateau phase – respiration, heart rate, vasocongestion, and muscle tension continue to build until there is enough muscle tension to trigger orgasm Orgasm phase – males: rhythmic contractions of internal organs and muscle tissue surrounding the urethra project…
Motivation – process that influences the direction, persistence, and vigour of goal directed behaviour Perspectives on Motivation Instinct Theory and Modern Evolutionary Psychology Instinct (fixed action pattern) – an inherited characteristic, common to all members of a species, that automatically produces a particular response when the organism is exposed to a particular stimulus Theories faded…
Metabolism – body’s rate of energy utilization Two-thirds of energy used goes to support basal metabolism, the resting, continuous metabolic work of body cells Immediate energy supply information interacts with other signals to regulate food intake (hunger not necessarily linked to immediate energy needs) Homeostatic mechanisms are designed to prevent people from running low on…
Scores on neuropsychological tests show amount of damage done to person Destruction and Stimulation test: can destroy parts of the brain to see effect or stimulate nerves with electrodes (Dr. Penfield- famous neuroscientists) – mapped motor and sensory areas Broca’s aphasia: could understand, but not speak Dorsal Stream: action (D.A) Ventral Stream: perception (V.P) Single-…
Neurons: constructive unit of the nervous system; interconnected like electrical circuits Made up of: Soma (cell body): contains nucleus, keeps nerve cells alive (grey matter) Dendrites: receiving portion of nerve cell- receiving end of cell Axon: sends impulses away from the cell (white matter) Dendrites and axons are all interconnected; vary in shape and size…
Canada: Kanata: Indian word used by J. Cartier meaning the settlement (village) of a group of people Population of 31 million + 77% of its population lives in urban areas (cities) Average family size is 1.2 children 3% of Canada’s population are Aboriginals Capital city is Ottawa, found in Ontario 4/5ths of Canada’s population is…
Once the ideas of Planck and Einstein (re: quanta) had been accepted, the study of atomic and molecular structure began. With the invention of the spectroscope (Bunsen & Kirchhoff, Fig 2/175) the quantitative analysis of the atomic spectra of elements began. The range of frequencies of light emitted or absorbed by an atom is called…
Isotopes have the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons. This means that while the atomic number of an element will NEVER change…The MASS of the atom can change quite a bit depending on how many neutrons there are The number of protons in an atom is also called the “atomic number”. This…
After reviewing the Bohr-Rutherford diagram you should know that atoms wish to “fill” electron orbits. Atoms tend to combine in a way that allows the resultant compound to be neutral but have only full electron orbits on the atoms. Lets do an example: Note: I draw the electrons with holes in noticeable places. In reality…
Latitude o imaginary lines that measure the distance north or south of the Equator (0°) o lines are parallel to the Equator at regular intervals (approximately 113 kilometres apart) What is Latitude? Its reference point is the equator. The equator’s latitude is O degrees. Even though the lines run horizontally, latitude measures north and south.…