Introduction: According to Beer’s Law, A=Ebc, under ideal conditions, a substance’s concentration and its absorbance are directly proportional: a high-concentration solution absorbs more light, and solution of lower concentration absorbs less light. Since concentration and absorbance are proportional, Beer’s Law makes it possible to determine an unknown concentration of phosphate after determining the absorbance. The…
Introduction: The Ideal Gas Law can be used to find any missing variable when all of the others are present. The Ideal Gas Law is stated in the equation, PV=nRT, where P is the gas pressure in atmospheres, V is volume that the gas occupies in liters, n is the number of moles of…
Infertility is a condition that prevents people from conceiving. A person is infertile when they are unable to reproduce. One of the main treatments for infertility is IVF, in vitro fertilization. Some of the many reasons that a person would use IVF are blockage of sperm, not enough sperm, genetic disorders; damage in the Fallopian…
Gregor Mendel created two main laws prior to his experiments with his growing pea plants. The first law he created is the law of segregation. It states that the two members of a gene pair (alleles) segregate (separate) from each other in the formation of gametes. Half the gametes carry one allele, and the other…
Directions: Complete the following Dihybrid Cross problems. Identify the gametes from each parent. Complete a Punnett Square for the cross Identify the genotypes and phenotypes for the potential offspring. Find the phenotypic ratio for the potential offspring. Betta (Chinese/ Siamese fighting fish) Characteristics [Upper Case= Dominant & Lower Case= Recessive] B= Blue Tail b= black…
Balanced Diet: Suitable amounts of all nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, mineral salts, vitamins, fibre and water) required for normal healthy living.Autotrophic Feeding: Way of feeding; food is made by the plants themselves.Heterotrophic Feeding: Way of feeding; animals feed on ready-made food.Digestion: Large insoluble molecules of food are broken down into small moleculesEgestion: Food that can’t…
Somatropin, also known as Human Growth Hormone (HGH) or even sometimes just Growth Hormone (GH) is a hormone created in the pituitary gland dealing with growth. Before somatropin can be created, Human Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (HGHRH) and Somatostatin (SST) are released by the Hypothalamus. Many factors can influence HGH release, of which the main…
Purpose: To predict products of five reaction types and perform them HypothesisStation 1: Mg+ O2 -> 2MgOStation 2: NaHCO3 -> Na2CO3 + H2OStation 3: Pb(NO3)2 + KI -> PbI2 + KNO3Station 4: CH3OH + O2 -> CO2+ H2OStation 5: CuCl2 + Al -> AlCl2 + Cu Data Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Station 5 Mg before(2cm)=0.038g…
The spiral bacteria are spirilla (singular form is spirillum) and the rod-shaped bacteria are bacilli (singular form is bacillus). The coccus (plural form is cocci) bacteria are spherical and are usually found in clusters or chains. Bacilli have a large surface area that helps them take in nutrients, but they may dry out easily. Cocci…
Aim To standardize a sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution against a primary standard acid [Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate (KHP)] using phenolphthalein as an indicator. Variables Independent variables Mass of KHP (mKHP) Volume of KHP solution Dependent variables Volume of NaOH added [since the colour change will not happen at exactly the same volume of NaOH added (VNaOH)]…
Since, the time of Sir Isaac Newton, the mysterious force of gravity has intrigued many physicists for centuries. The classical anecdote of the apple falling on Newton’s head led Newton to propose that some mysterious force must be pulling that apple downwards. While this was a great leap forward in the field of physics, Newton…
The properties of light have been understood by physicists to be completely fundamental to our understanding of the universe, however defining these properties have proven difficult to elucidate. What is light? What is light composed of? Does light obey classical physics? These questions are important to answer when considering physical phenomena that involve light. One…
Supernovas can occur in two different and distinct ways. One of the ways in which a supernova can be triggered is through the instantaneous ignition of a nuclear fusion reaction in a degenerate star (star at end of its life). For example, a white dwarf, in a binary system, may accumulate material from that companion…
Black holes are regions of space-time that prevent anything, including light, from escaping. The reason for this is that black holes are extremely dense and so the escape velocity required to escape the black hole must be huge. It should be made clear that a black hole is a distortion of space-time (Einstein had described…
Purpose: The purpose of the lab was to dissolve Copper salt in water with an excess of Aluminum. The mass of the Copper formed was to be determined and the percentage yield was to be calculated. Related theory A chemical reaction is the change of substance into a new one that has a different chemical…
The global average air and ocean temperatures have been gradually increasing from 1880-2010 (Fig.1) This increase in temperature melted a massive amount of ice and snow globally which ultimately, caused the global average sea level to also rise (Fig.2). The Earth’s average surface temperature rose by 0.74 ± 0.18°C over the period 1906–2005. Global average…
The Ordovician period is placed between 488.3±1.7 to 443.7±1.5 million years ago.1 It is preceded by the Cambrian period and is followed by the Silurian Period as seen in Figure 1.1 Initially, only these two periods existed, until 1979 when Charles Lapworth defined the Ordovician period as a period of its own based on fossil…
Mount Tambora, is an active stratovolcano famous for its eruption in 1815 which was considered one of the most explosive volcanic eruptions in Earthʼs history. A stratovolcano is a volcano characterized by its steepness and periodic explosive eruptions and quiet eruptions. It is also known as a composite volcano because it is composed of layers…
Aorta Basophils Cardiac Muscle Cardiac Muscle Longtudinal Cerebellar Cortex Cerebral Cortex Spinal Cord Eosinophils Epiphyseal plate Femoral Artery Femoral Vein Howship’s lacunae Jejunum lamina propria Liver Lymph node Lymphocyte Monocyte Spinal cord (silver) Neutrophil Pacinian corpuscle Peripheral Nerve Peripheral Nerve 2 Respiratory Epithelium Spinal cord (silver) 2 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Simple Columnar Epithelium Skeletal Muscle…
Worms do many of the things humans do to survive. They breathe, move around, reproduce, and eat. Worms have the epidermis; which is like our skin, a layer of nerve tissue, which acts like our sense of touch. Instead of having just one heart, they have five hearts. These hearts regulate blood flow and produce…