NADH and FADH2 carry electrons to the ETC Each become oxidized, losing two electrons to the ETC The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Structure Located within the inner mitochondrial membrane Composed of various protein structures arranged in order of increasing electronegativity Ex. weakest electron attractor (NADH dehydrogenase) is at the beginning of the chain and the…
– O2 competes with CO2 for rubisco’s active site – rubisco catalyzes two reactions: 1) addition of carbon to RuBP; forms 2 PGA molecules (photosynthesis) 2) addition of oxygen to RuBP; forms 1 PGA and one glycolate (photorespiration) – photorespiration decreases the production of carbohydrates by removing PGA from the Calvin cycle – glycolate is…
Pancreas: > produces digestive enzymes and hormones > hormone producing cells are in the islets of Langerhans > islets contain beta (produce insulin hormone) and alpha cells (produce glucagon hormone) Insulin: > produced in beta cells > released when blood sugar level increases > cause muscle cells, the liver and other organs, to become permeable…
Carbohydrates are the first nutrient most organisms catabolise for energy, however, living things must metabolize other energy-rich nutrients to obtain energy in times of starvation Protein Catabolism – first digested into amino acids – amino groups are removed (deamination; amino group à ammonia [NH3]) – remaining portion of amino acid converted into various components of…
The quantity of energy associated with the formation of one mole of a substance from its elements (in their standard states). The standard states (at SATP) of most elements is solid, except for the gaseous diatomic molecules, H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2, and the two liquid elements Hg and Br2. These energies can be looked…
The shape of a molecule determines many of its properties; For example: C4H10 is the formula for 2 separate molecules n-butane and isobutene Melting Point -138°C -159°C Boiling Point -0.5°C -12°C Enzymes—shape compatible with those molecules whose reactions they promote i.e. the enzyme sucrase breaks down the sugar molecule sucrose The shape of a…
Chemical reactions only take place when there are collisions between reactants Depends on: Number of collisions per unit time Fraction of collisions which are successful There is a relationship/pattern between reaction rate and the factors that affect it This pattern can only be determined empirically (through experimentation) Rate Law Empirical evidence supports that the reaction…
Enthalpy change is also known as heat of reaction, enthalpy of reaction, change in heat content. Enthalpy = total energy of a system It is impossible to measure the total kinetic and potential energy of a system, so instead we measure enthalpy change (using calorimeters). Enthalpy Change – is the energy absorbed from or released…
During a chemical reaction, reactant bonds need to be broken so that the atoms can rearrange to form the products. The kinetic energy of all the particles (the molecules, compounds, elements, atoms and ions) reacting is responsible for the breaking of these bonds. Remember, the temperature of the particles is a measure of the average…
Bioamplification is the accumulation of toxic pollutants in an animal. Toxins can be removed from the bodies of animals through sweating and urination, but these toxins need to be water soluble. DDT, DDE, PCBs, toxaphene, and the organic forms of mercury and arsenic do biomagnify in nature. These substances are consequently known as ‘persistent organic…
The materials used in building the bodies of living things are limited to the atoms and molecules that make up this planet. To maintain life on Earth, matter must be recycled. Cycling of Organic Matter Living things are constantly cycling matter through their bodies and in ecosystems; break down organic matter and rebuild it. Organic…
Nitrogen is required by living things to: 1. make proteins, become enzymes and make up the structures of living things 2. make nucleic acids that become DNA, the hereditary material of living things – 80% of the air around us is nitrogen gas (N2) but N2 cannot be used by most living things – N2…
All living things are on Earth are carbon based life forms, carbon is the essential element for all living things. On Earth, inorganic carbon (CO2) can be found: 1. in the atmosphere. 2. dissolved in oceans. Organic carbon is found in only one place: 1. as part of the bodies that are living things. Cycling…
Maximum Heart Rate: Your max heart rate is used as a tool to determine your target heart rate. It is also the maximum your heart should beat during exercise. That is why it is important to monitor your heart rate during exercise! Resting Heart Rate: This is your heart rate when you are at rest. …
radiation = substance emits radioactive particles or waves Types of Radiation: 1) Alpha (a) particle – high energy helium nucleus 42He 2) Beta (b) particle – high energy electron no > p+ + e– 3) Gamma (g) waves – electromagnetic photons Natural Transmutations Radioactive decay = change in nucleus that produces radiation Transmutation = change…
an indicator is an acid or a base that has a different colour from that of its conjugate general reaction for an acid indicator at equilibrium in an aqueous solution:
Period after which only half of the original number of nuclei in a sample of a radioactive element have not decayed. ex. half-life for uranium – 238 23892U = 4.6 x 109 years So after 4.6 x 109 years, only one half of the original uranium will be left
If an equilibrium in a system is upset, the system will tend to react in a direction that will re-establish equilibrium 1) Adding or Removing a Reactant or Product – reaction shifts in a direction that will remove a substance added or replace a substance removed 2) Changes of Temperature – increasing temperature shifts a…
DNA: DNA is the genetic information or blueprint of who and what we are, and how we operate. This genetic information is devoted to the synthesis of proteins, which are essential to our body. Proteins are created from templates of information called genes in our DNA. The Code: – DNA molecules are long polymers of…
If I handed you a black guinea pig & asked, “What’s its phenotype for fur color?” You would gently hold the guinea pig, look at it and reply, “Black, you dummy … all you gotta do is look at it”. And I would say, “Correct, & please don’t call me dummy”. If I handed you…