Inheritance of Different in Prokaryotes Mutations arise, move from donors to recipients, incorporated to recipients through recombination Transposition: some genes are mobile and can be transferred to another site, and then another host Transformation: the conversion of the heredity type of a cell by the uptake of DNA released by the breakdown of another cell…
Asbestos is a silicate mineral that has essential physical properties to be used in manufactured products. Throughout the twentieth asbestos was mostly used by contractors that constructed buildings and homes. Now it is commonly known that asbestos is linked to a number of various diseases and illnesses. The removal of asbestos from buildings and homes…
Part A: Determining the complete rate law The order of reaction with respect to the iodate ion, m, must be determined for the following rate. It is assumed that the order of reaction with respect to the bisulfate is zero, thus n is zero. Sample calculation done for the first C2 value and the first…
The world is full of interesting things, none the least of them are plants, they have developed many different ways to grow, cope, survive and flourish in almost every environment on earth. From water retention to parasitic growth, symbiosis to carnivorous behavior, plants are the supreme adaptors. This report is comparing two very interesting and…
After rocks are formed, they are weathered when exposed at the surface; this prepares material for transport by erosional processes in the rock cycle two main types of weathering include mechanical (disintegration) and chemical (decomposition) that act together and enhance the effectiveness of each other Mechanical: reduction of rocks to smaller pieces, includes: Frost wedging…
Purpose The purpose of this investigation is to explore the percent yield of the precipitate in the reaction. Introduction For known amounts of reactants, theoretical amounts of products can be calculated in a chemical reaction or process. Calculated amounts of products are called theoretical yield. In these calculations, the limiting reactant is the limiting factor…
Purpose The purpose of this investigation is to determine the effect that varying temperatures have on the rate of a reaction. Introduction Based on the Kinetic Molecular Theory, the central idea of the collision model is that molecules must collide to react. Therefore, the greater number the number of collisions per second, the greater the…
Planning A: Refer to lab handout entitled, Heat of Reaction for the Formation of Magnesium Oxide. Planning B: Refer to lab handout entitled, of Reaction for the Formation of Magnesium Oxide. Data Collection: Quantitative Table I: Compound Trial Mass±0.001g Volume of HCl±0.5mL Temperature of HCl±0.5°C Time (seconds) Temperature of solution±0.5°C MgO 1 1.020 100.0 21.0…
Introduction Vinegar is a common household item containing acetic acid as well as some other chemicals. This experiment is designed to determine the molar concentration of acetic acid in a sample of vinegar by titrating it with a standard solution of NaOH. CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) -> CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) By adding sodium hydroxide, which is…
Question: What effect does the concentration of a substance have on the overall rate of a reaction? Hypothesis A higher concentration of a given substance may cause a reaction to proceed at a faster rate when compared to a reaction with a lower concentration of the same given substance. This would be because there would…
Breathalyzer – Alcohol testing devices The Breathalyzer device contains: A system to sample one’s breath and Two glass vials containing the chemical reaction mixture. A system of photocells connected to a meter measure the color change associated with the chemical reaction. To measure alcohol, a person breathes into the device. The breath sample is bubbled…
Geology (study of Earth) is important for energy and natural resources, solving environmental problems, building cities and highways, predicting and protecting against natural disasters like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods Uniformitarianism: fundamental principle “the present is the key to the past” How long? geologic time is measured in billions of years Where and How? After…
Igneous rocks crystallize from molten silicate material called magma that forms at high temperatures and pressures deep in the Earth. Magma rises through the crust and either reaches the surface by volcanoes (extrusive) or cools below surface (intrusive). How Magmas Evolve – according to Bowen’s Reaction Series: discontinuous (different molecular structures of olivine [single tetrahedra],…
The Earth’s climate is always changing, fluctuating from cool temperatures to warm temperatures throughout Earth History. Climate change has become a controversial issue that scientists are sceptical about. The present cause of global warming is part of a natural variation; however it is also greatly caused by human actions. Based on the evidence that I…
Minerals are solid chemical compounds that combine to form rocks. They are found in nature and vary in atomic bonding, molecular structure, and element composition, all of which determine their chemical, physical properties and permit their identification. ‑ An infinite number of chemical combinations are possible and almost 4000 natural minerals are known; however, only…
The property that describes a liquid’s thickness or thinness is called viscosity; high viscosity (thick) liquids differ from low-viscosity (thin) ones. You will also use the particle theory to explain some behaviors and properties of fluids—liquids and gases. A fluid is any substance that flows. The particle theory can explain why some substances flow while…
Different ionic compounds can release the same ions into solution. This ultimately means that different ionic compounds can affect the equilibrium of other ionic compounds. Common ion effect: The solubility of a salt can be reduced by the presence of another salt that has a common ion. Example: if NaCl is dissolved and HCl(aq) is…
The First Law of Thermodynamics: This is the law of conservation of energy. The total amount of energy in the universe is constant. Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. We have seen that energy can be transferred from a system to its surroundings and vice versa. During these processes no energy is created nor destroyed…
For the equilibria between an ionic solid and its dissolved ions, the equilibrium constant is called the solubility product Ksp. Ksp gives us information about the solubility of the compound. The lower Ksp is, the less soluble a compound is. Eg: CuCl2 Ksp=1.7×10-7 at 25°C NaCl Ksp= 3.8×101 at 25°C CuS Ksp=6.0×10-37 at 25°C Solubility:…
The reaction quotient is an equation that allows us to determine whether a system is at equilibrium or not. The equation is the same as the equilibrium law except the concentrations are initial concentrations instead of equilibrium concentrations. If Q = K the system is at equilibrium If Q > K, the system will shift…