Introduction: Surface tension refers to water’s ability to “stick to itself”, due to the forces of cohesion. Surface tension can be measured and observed by dropping water (drop by drop) onto a penny. The number of water drops that can fit on a penny will surprise you. Initial Observation: Observe surface tension by seeing how…
Ask yourself: Do I use complete sentences? Do I use any form at all? Are my notes clear or confusing? Do I capture the main points and all sub-points? Do I streamline using symbols, abbreviations, and shortcuts? 6 Important Reasons to Take Notes It helps you to concentrate in class. It helps you prepare for…
Background: As members of the class Amphibia, frogs may live some of their adult lives on land, but they must return to water to reproduce. Eggs are laid and fertilized in the water. On the outside of the frog’s head are two external nares, or nostrils; two tympani (tympanic membranes), or eardrums; and two eyes,…
Introduction: Insects are arthropods with jointed appendages, segmented bodies, and an exoskeleton composed of chitin. Insects are in the class Insecta, & are the largest and most diverse group of animals on earth. The genus Romalea is a large grasshopper common in the southeastern United States. Insects have three body regions (head, thorax, & abdomen),…
SPECIES EXTINCTION Species can become extinct: Locally: A species is no longer found in an area it once inhabited but is still found elsewhere in the world. Ecologically: Occurs when so few members of a species are left they no longer play its ecological role. Globally (biologically): Species is no longer found on the earth.…
IntroductionThe phylum Mollusca includes snails, clams, chitons, slugs, limpets, octopi, and squid. As mollusks develop from a fertilized egg to an adult, most pass through a larval stage called the trocophore. The trocophore is a ciliated, free-swimming stage. Mollusks also have a radula or file-like organ for feeding, a mantle that may secrete a shell,…
Introduction: Echinoderms are radially symmetrical animals that are only found in the sea (there are none on land or in fresh water). Echinoderms mean “spiny skin” in Greek. Many, but not all, echinoderms have spiny skin. There are over 6,000 species. Echinoderms usually have five appendages (arms or rays), but there are some exceptions. Radial…
All living things have DNA: the chemical instructions on how to make a living thing. It can easily be seen with the naked eye when collected from thousands of cells. This simple method allows you to extract DNA from a strawberry and view it. Materials (per group): * 1 Strawberry * 1 Zip-closure sandwich bag…
During the 16th and 17th centuries, England was consumed by religious, political, and social upheaval that included a civil war and the beheading of a king. It was a period of extreme violence, fear, and lawlessness. The theory of natural law – that law is based on divine revelation and that it was put in…
In the eighteenth century, the famous British jurist, Sir William Blackstone (1723-1780) pronounced that judges do not make the law, they merely “find” it. This comment represents an attitude toward the law that grew in strength in Britain and the United States in the nineteenth century and persists today, especially in Britain and, to some…
Civil Liberties in the Constitution Civil liberties are constitutional provisions, laws, and practices that protect individuals from governmental interference. Found primarily in the Bill of Rights. They protect us from the government. Civil rights are guarantees by government of equal treatment to all citizens. (The word equality does not appear in the Constitution.) Constitutional liberties…
Labs are performed in groups for data collection purposes only. Your lab report should NOT be the result of shared writing, copying, or cooperative effort. This includes your calculations. You must do this on your own. Remember to cite any references you use and do not copy from the lab sheets into your lab report. GRAPHS MUST…
Volcanoes form where magma reaches Earth’s surface. Volcano: the opening in Earth’s crust through which magma, gases, and ash erupt, and the landform that develops around this opening *A volcanic eruption occurs when magma rises to the surface. –How does this magma form? 3 ways: 1. A decrease in pressure– lowers melting temperature and allows…
Causes of Plate Movement -Remember that the lithosphere (crust + upper mantle) is solid and is floating on the asthenosphere (melted rock in the mantle below the lithosphere). 1. Heat from the Earth’s core is transferred throughout the mantle. 2. Magma that is hotter and less dense rises upward at a mid-ocean ridge. 3. Once…
The lithosphere is broken into rigid plates that move in relationship to one another on the asthenosphere. Plate Tectonics: a theory that describes the formation, movements, and interactions of these plates. Continental Drift: an early hypothesis about plate movement that says the continents drifted from one location to another over time. -Proposed in 1912 by…
We depend on a variety of energy resources, both renewable (R) and nonrenewable (NR), to meet our energy needs. Most used energy sources in the world: oil: NR; 50-year life expectancy natural gas: NR; 125-year life expectancy coal: NR; 200-300 year life expectancy water power: R; uranium (nuclear power): NR; ?? *The top 3 energy…
Earth has renewable and nonrenewable resources. Our demand for and use of resources sometimes exceeds the supply that is available. Renewable resource: one that can be replaced in nature at the same rate in which we use it Nonrenewable resource: one that exists in a fixed amount, or is used up faster than it can…
Why Study Rocks? -Many, many uses! – writing tools (chalk, pencils), building materials (marble, concrete), fuels (coal), scouring powder (pumice, sand), weapons (flint, obsidian) Rock: a group of minerals bound together – Found in the Earth’s crust and mantle The Rock Cycle: the continuous process of rock formation and change – Presents a “map” of the…
Topographic maps are made specifically to show elevation. They show elevation through the use of contour lines. *The mountain below has 1 peak! 4000m What is the lowest elevation of this mountain? 1000 m PLEASE NOTE: Not every elevation can be represented by a contour line. Index contours: bold contour (lines used to calculate the…
*In order to be able to learn more about Earth as a whole, we must be able to look at it as a whole, and be able to see and find areas of particular interest. *A map is a flat, 2-dimensional representation of Earth’s surface. –cartographer: mapmaker –projections: the different ways in which maps can…