Urie Bronfenbrenner founded the Ecological Systems Theory to understand the complex relationship between the infant, the family, and society and how they impact child development. The Ecological Systems Theory influenced the way psychologists and other social scientists approached the study of human beings in their environment. Before Bronfenbrenner, child psychologists studied the child, sociologists examined…
Prior to the early twentieth century, scientific observations of children were not common. Arnold Gesell was one of the first psychologists to systematically describe children’s physical, social, and emotional achievements through a quantitative study of human development from birth through adolescence. He focused his research on the extensive study of a small number of children.…
§ Maria Montessori pioneered the Montessori educational method which is a child-centered, alternative education method based on her theories of child development. § The method is primarily applied in preschool and elementary school settings, and it emphasizes self-directed activity on the part of the child, and observation on the part of the teacher. § The…
Lev Vygotsky (1896 – 1934) Vygotsky’s basic premise was that social interaction plays an important role in intellectual development The child’s development appears twice – first on the social level, then on an individual level He believed skills develop to a higher level with adult guidance or peer collaboration (social interaction) His theory attempts to…
Canadian, born in northern Alberta Behaviourism theory of the time stated that one’s environment causes one’s behaviour Bandura agreed that environment causes behaviour, but he also believed that behaviour causes environment – he labelled this “reciprocal determinism” – that the world and a person’s behaviour cause each other He studied personality as it interacted with…
The following table lists the deadliest earthquakes on record according to date, location, number of deaths, and magnitude. On Jan. 23, 1556, an 8.0 magnitude earthquake struck Shansi, China killing 830,000 people. Date Location Deaths Magnitude Jan. 23, 1556 Shansi, China 830,000 ~8 July 27, 1976 Tangshan, China 255,0001 7.5 Aug. 9, 1138 Aleppo, Syria…
De Soto and his Influence For many of the world’s poor, the promises of capitalism are nothing more than empty rhetoric. Latin American economist Hernando de Soto is one of those providing the fresh thinking that is required, with his focus on the legal aspects of economic development in emerging economies. De Soto has an…
1. INFANCY (birth to 1 year) Breast milk or infant formula Pureed foods high in nutrients (40 to 50% of caloric intake from fat sources) 2. TODDLERS / PRE-SCHOOLER (1 to 5 years) Foods high in nutrients especially: folic acid, vitamin A, B6, C, E, calcium, iron, & zinc (fat intake should be 30% of…
Main Ideas: Sigmund Freud believed that hidden forces are the cause of human behavior, rather than the obvious forces. Unconscious thoughts reveal themselves in something called the free association, such as dreams where you talk and think freely. He believed that personality consists of three major systems. The Structure of Personality: id- this starts at…
Kohlberg’s six stage theory was an extension of Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory (how people learn and use knowledge is affected by both social and psychological factors). Kohlberg extended on Piaget’s theory, proposing that moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan (the stage you are in life determines your level of…
Erikson’s theories are the best-known theories of personality and development. Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of predetermined stages. His theories are psychosocial, and not psychosexual. Describes the impact of social experience across the whole lifespan. In each stage of development, Erikson described conflicts that act as turning…
Enzymes are biological catalysts, responsible for directing the flow of chemical reactions that is the basis for life. By far the majority of enzymes are proteins, but some consist of RNA or a complex of protein and RNA. Enzymes are remarkably specific, acting on only one or a few types of molecules (called “substrates” of…
As mentioned, the range of protein functions is enormous: from passive structural elements to active motor proteins and everything in between. What characteristics of proteins are required for them to carry out these functions? While these characteristics vary from protein to protein, there are some that can be found in most proteins. We will discuss…
It is often necessary to obtain a preparation containing protein molecules of only a single type (a “pure protein”); eg. for medical use or scientific study. With such preparations, one may determine 3D structure, binding affinities, or determine the amino acid sequence. Obtaining a pure protein is generally challenging because there are thousands of proteins…
Proteins are the largest and most varied class of biological molecules, and they show the greatest variety of structures. Many have intricate three-dimensional folding patterns that result in a compact form, but others do not fold up at all (“natively unstructured proteins”) and exist in random conformations. The function of proteins depends on their structure,…
More properly known as alpha-amino acids, their general structure is: Nineteen of the twenty amino acids have the same arrangement around the central alpha-carbon: a. an amino group, b. a carboxyl group, c. a hydrogen, and d. an R group (called the “side chain”) which differs for each amino acid. Recall that when 4 different…
The term “dogma” describes a doctrine or code of beliefs accepted as authoritative. The central dogma of biology refers to the way that genetic information is stored and retrieved in living cells. The classic relationship is DNA > RNA > Protein. Thus DNA functions as the information storage molecule, and this information is “read out”…
Observations Volume and Temperature Trial T1 (temperature of air in flask of boiling water in Celsius) 99ᵒC T2( temperature of air in cooled flask in Celsius) 7ᵒC A(volume of water in flask at T2) 73 mL V1(volume of air in flask at T1) 250 mL V2( Volume of air in flask at T2) 177 mL…
The parable of the workers in the vineyard is about several workers who are hired by a man who owns a vineyard, over different periods of time. At the end of the day the people who are hired first expect to be paid more than those hired later. But, the man pays all of the…
The parable of the prodigal son is about a young man who demands his father’s inheritance while he is still living. He takes the money and foolishly squanders it. He comes back and repents to his father and is taken in with open arms. Meanwhile, the father has a second son, who becomes jealous of…
