Enzymes are specialized proteins that speed up chemical reactions (biological catalysts) Without enzymes, cellular chemical reactions could not occur fast enough to maintain life. Enzyme Activity: – enzyme binds to the reactants, called the substrate(s), of a chemical reaction – the substrate joins with the enzyme at the enzymes active site forming an enzyme-substrate complex…
With the large diversity (variety) we need to sort or take inventory of everything (classify and name) classifying involves arranging living and nonliving things into groups which we can then study separately we also must give everything a name so that we can exchange information with others around the world. Naming Scientists have developed a…
Below is a table that compares the differences in cell structure between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Criteria Type of Cell Prokaryote Eukaryote Nucleus? No Yes Internal membranes? No (no organelles) Yes (membrane bound organelles) DNA Single chromosome; ring Many; linear Reproduction method Asexual (binary fission) Asexual and sexual Size Small 10 times as large as…
The table below lists the basic general characteristics that are used to differentiate between the different kingdoms. Criteria Kingdom Animals Plants Fungi Protists Archaebacteria Eubacteria Type of cells Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Prokaryotic Prokaryotic Cell wall None Yes (cellulose) Yes (chitin) None Yes (peptidoglycan) Yes Cell organization Multicellular Multicellular Multicellular Single celled Single celled Single…
Matter makes up everything, everywhere. All matter, both living and non-living, is composed of miniature chemical building blocks called atoms. Your body contains billions of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and carbon atoms. What is life? What does it mean to be alive? How is something made “living”? There is no universal agreement on what…
Liver – produces bile -bile emulsifies fats in the small intestine; increases surface area of fat particles Gall Bladder – stores bile between meals – releases bile when food moves into the small intestine Pancreas – manufactures and releases bicarbonate to neutralize acid coming out of the stomach – basic environment inactivates pepsin – releases…
Function of the Digestive System: To change foods you eat into chemical forms your body can use and eliminate anything that can not be used by your body. Food is typically in a form that is completely unsuitable for use by body cells. Food becomes useful only after it has been converted into smaller, simpler…
Biological Solutions Solutes are substances that are dissolved in a liquid to form a solution. The liquid that the solutes are dissolved in is referred to as a solvent. In biological systems, molecules that must enter or leave cells are the solutes and water is the solvent. Diffusion All particles are constantly and randomly moving. …
Components: i) plasma ii) erythrocytes (red blood cells) iii) leukocytes (white blood cells) iv) platelets Plasma: o 55% of blood volume and is 90% water o Contains dissolved materials which are being transported: o proteins (fibrinogen), hormones, nutrients, waste products, gases Erythrocytes: o Function: > to carry oxygen o Structure: > no nucleus, cytoplasm contains…
The atom is the basic unit of matter. Atoms bond to one another to form compounds. Bonds are formed by the sharing or transfer of electrons present in the atoms. Bonds between Atoms: Chemical Bonds Covalent compounds – formed by the EQUAL sharing of electrons between atoms – electrically neutral molecules (no “+” or “-“…
Energy – needed for: – movement – synthesis of complex compounds – active transport Food – provides energy needed by cells – broken down > heat (body heat, excess removed) chemical storage form Cellular Respiration – is the process by which chemical energy stored in food (usually glucose, but may be protein and lipids is…
Cells must perform thousands of different chemical reactions in order to survive. These reactions are crucial to providing cells with energy. Endergonic reactions: -“energy in” require energy in order to proceed – biological endergonic reactions produce molecules that store energy (ex. Glucose) – Ex. Photosynthesis Exergonic reatctions: – “energy out” release energy – biological exergonic…
The plasma membrane surrounds the cell and is crucial to cell life: it must control what enters and leaves the cell. It must allow sufficient amounts of food molecules, such as glucose, to pass into the cell and must also allow for the quick removal of waste products from the cell. Membrane Structure Phospholipids Most…
Genetic continuity is the transmission of the hereditary material through cell division. The Cell Cycle – cells do not divide continuously – in cells capable of dividing, the period between cell divisions is called interphase – cells spend most of their time in interphase because this is the phase where they perform their functions (obtaining…
Functions: 1. transport oxygen and carbon dioxide 2. distribute nutrients and transport of wastes 3. maintenance of body temperatures 4. circulation of hormones Structure: Made up of three components: 1. A fluid in which materials are transported (blood) 2. vessels in which the fluid moves (blood vessels) 3. a pump (the heart) Circulatory system is…
Observations of chemical reactions are summarized in certain generalizations called the laws of chemical change. The three laws of chemical change are; 1) Law of Conservation of Mass 2) Law of Constant Composition 3) Law of Multiple Proportions Law of Conservation of Mass States that during a chemical reaction, matter is neither created or destroyed…
Plot and Sequence Fiction includes novels, short stories and other writings that tell about imaginary people and events. The plan or main story in a piece of fiction is called the plot. Understanding the order of events in a plot is important when you are reading. You probably expect the narrator, or storyteller, to start…
Character Getting to know the characters in a story is like becoming acquainted with a person you have just met. It takes a little more time to learn what the person is like. You learn from what others say about the person. Motivations Motivations are the reasons characters behave the way they do. Notice what…
The setting of a story is the time and place in which the events occur. Think of a movie or TV show that you have watched recently. Was the story about people today or about people from the past or future? How did you recognize the time period? Did the characters’ clothing, hairstyles, and speech…
Voice: is manner in which story is told so as to connect to readers on an emotional level or the author’s point of view. For example: the author speaks directly in his or her own person or a role or speaks through a persona. Audience: the people for whom the audience is written. Ways in…
