To simplify the multitude of possible combinations of reactants, organic reactions fall under specific types. Combustion Substitution Addition Elimination Oxidation/reduction Condensation (dehydration synthesis) Hydrolysis (hydration) Polymerization Another tool to simplify your task of predicting products is to remember that functional groups will always react the same way. e.g. all 1o alcohols will react the same…
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is a model in chemistry used to predict the shape of individual molecules based upon the extent of electron-pair electrostatic repulsion. It is also named Gillespie-Nyholm theory after its two main developers. The premise of VSEPR is that the valence electron pairs surrounding an atom mutually repel each…
NAMING HYDROCARBONS HYDROCARBON DESCRIPTION GENERAL FORMULA Alkane (-ane ending) Only single bonds (C—C) CnH2n + 2 (linear) CnH2n (cycloalkane) Alkene (-ene ending) At least one double bond (C=C) CnH2n Alkyne (-yne ending) At least one triple bond (C=C) CnH2n-2 Interesting fact: a double bond is more reactive than a single bond as the second covalent…
Biological molecules are macromolecules, which basically means they are polymers composed on small repeating units that have been covalently bonded together. The exception to this is a type of lipid called triacyleglycerides or phospholipids which are relatively large molecules composed of smaller molecules bonded together. Subunits are chemically liked together in the cell by a…
Complement Protein: special proteins that expand/puncture the pores in membranes on foreign microbes allowing extracellular fluid to rush in and lyse the cells, thus killing them. Lymphocytes: specialized white blood cells T-cells: produced in the bone marrow and stored in the thymus. Act in a seek and destroy fashion by recognizing the antigen markers on…
A thesis statement declares what you believe and what you intend to prove. A good thesis statement makes the difference between a thoughtful research project and a simple retelling of facts. A good tentative thesis will help you focus your search for information. But don’t rush! You must do a lot of background reading before…
Introduction, Purposes and Approaches Social and political philosophers are concerned with defining and interpreting concepts like justice, freedom, authority and democracy in a modern context as well as in the past. These two branches of philosophy overlap so much they are usually treated as one area of philosophy. If there is an actual difference it…
Ancient Israel is the birthplace of the 3 great monotheistic religions of the world: Judaism, Christianity and Islam Ancient Israel dates back approximately 4000 years to the books of the Old TestamentGreat patriarchs of Judaism: Abraham, Jacob, Moses, Joshua Hebrews, Israelites, Jews, Semites: have all undergone persecution throughout history; from Babylonian Captivity, Exodus, Diaspora, Spanish…
We know when a crime exists (actus reus and mens rea), so what happens after a crime has been committed? THE LEVELS OF POLICE IN CANADA Federal – RCMP – responsible for all federal law under the Criminal Code and federal regulations Provincial Police Municipal Police Aboriginal Police DETERMINE THE PARTIES INVOLVED The perpetrator (the…
To start using Turnitin, go to http://www.turnitin.com and log in using the following information: Click on NEW USER in the top right corner of the page. Click on CREATE A USER PROFILE Click on STUDENT in the Create a New Account box Enter the following information: (EXAMPLE INFO- Your Teacher will provide this) Class ID…
When Louis XIV came to the throne as a five-year-old boy (actually four years, eight months) on 14 May 1643, the Thirty Years’ War was still in progress, and Cardinal Richelieu, the French éminent grise, had died the preceding year. The situation did not look good for France, but the young boy became one of…
The generation between 1880 and 1914 witnessed a unprecedented outburst of European empire building USA was a part of it too A period of highly competitive colonization 4/5ths of Earth’s surface was under European or USA control A few cases of successful resistance, but they were scattered and very few By 1914, the domination of…
Setting: Steinbeck’s novel deals with the plight of migrant labourers in California during the Great Depression. Characters: the focus is on two migrant workers, George and Lennie Chapter 1 – establishes relationship between the two primary characters George – a rational realist Lennie – simplistic and child like George cares for Lennie, consistently scolds and…
The Kinetic Molecular Theory states that matter is made up of particles that are always in constant motion and that the particles move more quickly at higher temperatures. From this theory came the COLLISION MODEL for chemical reactions. According to the collision model there are two ways to make a chemical reaction go faster: 1) …
House of Commons Place where issues affecting everyone in the country will be discussed and debated. Through discussion and debate, your elected Members of Parliament will attempt to direct your nation Passing a bill will require a majority vote in favor of it, but when bills do become laws, every citizen in your nation must…
The laboratory report is a permanent record of your work in the lab. Of first importance is the requirement that the write-up be an honest record. Failures,as well as successes, should be faithfully recorded. I. GENERAL ORGANIZATION: TITLE PAGE – The general layout MUST look EXACTLY like the following example: Complete Title of Lab Name:…
In 1917, Prime Minister Borden travelled to the frontlines in Europe to visit the soldiers. Here, he is informed that the war is expected to last until 1920. Like most British Canadians, Borden was committed to support the British Empire, and wanted to send more troops overseas to fight. PROBLEM: there were more casualties than…
Although World War One was a world war, most of the fighting was confined to a few key areas. These areas are usually referred to as the theatres of war. Western Front The German army crossed the Belgian border on August 3rd, 1914. Britain and France declared war on Germany on August 4th. The Germans…
The Great War Comes to an End, 1918 Germany surrendered at 11 am on November 11th 1918. The country had run out of food, ammunition and public support for the war. The Kaiser, faced with revolution, abdicated and fled to Holland, which had been neutral during the Great War. With his departure, Germany became a…
With the Russians out of the war, Germany had a renewed hope for success. They could now concentrate all their troops along the western front in France in their last attempt to win the war. With the entrance of the Americans into the war, the Germans realized that their last chance at victory was to…